【摘要】自1994年底第一批专业合作社诞生起，莱阳市的合作社已经经历了11年的发展，期间它取得了重大的成绩，成为农业产业化与合作制结合的典型，被成功地称之为“莱阳模式”.然而在实际运行的过程中，其发展机制却违背了国际合作社的经典原则及其自身章程，出现了明显的“异化”现象。

　　本研究利用访谈法、文献法、案例分析法以及问卷调查所获得的资料，对莱阳市农村专业合作社的实际运作机制进行了实地考察。在对其基本状况进行简要描述的基础上，运用组织社会学“组织与环境的关系”相关理论，对目前合作社“异化”的表现形式及其环境成因作了探讨。

　　本文重点分析了合作社内部运作机制的“异化”,指出莱阳市专业合作社运行机制的“异化”主要体现在章程的异化、产权结构异化、目标的异化、民主管理原则异化和利益分配机制异化五个方面。即合作社的章程大多是虚置的，在实际运行中没有得到很好的贯彻和执行；合作社产权结构多元化，普通社员和其他领办主体以不同的比例筹集合作社股金；合作社为所有社员谋福利的目标被部分强势力量的目标所取代；民主管理“名存实亡”,社员大会和“一人一票制”表决方式为部分人的“民主”所取代；盈余返还从生产者为主体向投资者为主体演变。

　　专业合作社面临的外部环境是其“异化”的重要成因。合作社是一种“弱者”的联合，它的正常运行与发展需要一个良好的外部环境；但目前，无论是从法律环境、经济环境、文化环境、政策环境，还是从合作社内部的成员素质来看，都无法为它的正常运行提供有利的条件，这就迫使专业合作社为适应环境或获得某种资源而发生“异化”.可以说，目前国内合作社的“异化”,既是社会环境影响的结果，也是专业合作社为了自身发展而对有利发展条件的主动选择。

　　【关键词】合作社；专业合作社；农户；异化

　　【Abstract】The rural professional cooperatives in Laiyang had developed for 11years since the first cooperatives came into being at the end of 1994. During the 11 years, it , which was later called“Laiyang Mode”, gained great achievement and became a model combining agricultural industrialization and cooperative system successfully. However, in the process of practical circulation, obvious phenomena of dissimilation appeared because its development mechanism departed from traditional principles of international cooperatives and constitutions of themselves.

　　This thesis has investigated the practical operational mechanism of the rural professional cooperatives in Laiyang on the spot, using the information gained with the methods of interview, literature, case analysis and questionnaire investigation. Based on the brief description of its basic situations, the thesis discusses the expressional forms and environmental determinants of the dissimilation of cooperatives, using the theory from organizational sociology about“the relationship between organization and circumstances”.

　　This thesis lays great stress on the dissimilation of the inner operational mechanism of cooperatives, pointing out that the dissimilation of the operational mechanism of cooperatives in Laiyang mostly embodies five aspects: dissimilation of constitution, dissimilation of property right structure, dissimilation of target, dissimilation of democratic management principles and dissimilation of mechanism of distribution of benefit. That’s to say, the constitutions in cooperatives were constituted formally and they were not carried out well in the process of practical circulation. The property right structures of cooperatives are diversified; ordinary farmers raise money paid for shares according to different inverse proportions from people who lead them; The target of bucking for benefits for all farmers is replaced by the target of partial mighty ones; Democratic management exists in name only. Meetings and the voting mode “one vote for one person” are also replaced by democracy of partial people; Modes of giving back surplus to farmers evolve from produces as main body to investors as main body.

　　The outer circumstances that cooperatives are facing are the main determinants of its dissimilation. Cooperatives are a union of “weak people”. Its well-balanced circulation and development need favorable outer circumstances. However, at present, neither the circumstances of law, the circumstances of economy, the circumstances of culture and circumstances of policy, nor the quality of farmers in cooperatives can offer favorable conditions to its well-balanced circulation. This forced the cooperatives to become aberrant in order to adapt to the circumstances or obtain some resources. The dissimilation of domestic cooperatives is not only a result of effects of social circumstances, but also an active choice of favorable situations for its own development.

　　【Key words】Cooperative；Professional cooperative；Farmer；Dissimilation