【摘要】 中国作为一个农业大国，农业、农村、农民问题始终是中国改革和发展中的重大课题。1978年，中国共产党第十一届三中全会作出改革开放的重大决策，并率先在广大农村推行农户联产承包责任制，极大地解放了农村生产力，初步解决了农民温饱问题。但随着农业市场化和国际化程度的提高，在“统分结合”的双层经营体制中，承担“统一经营”的传统集体经济组织有名无实。在日益激烈的国内外市场竞争，以及推动共同富裕，防止两极分化，发展资源节约和环境友好型现代农业中，广大农户小规模分散经营的局限性不断显露。如何在农业生产家庭承包经营的基础上，进一步创新农业经营体制和机制，建立中国特色的现代农业经营制度，实现邓小平同志提出的农业“第二次飞跃”的目标，有效提高农业的经济、社会、生态效益，已成为建设社会主义新农村，实现全面建设小康社会宏伟目标的重大课题。国内外正反两方面的历史经验表明：按照国际公认的合作制原则，引导农民以合作社形式组织起来，是统筹解决农业、农村、农民问题的治本之策。本研究根据交易费用理论与产权理论、公共产品和公共选择理论、产业组织理论、合作制理论及实践，讨论了合作社制度的本质规定性，分析了新时期中国农民专业合作社的发育动因，并从创办主体视角总结了其基本发育模式及其特征；并从经济、社会、生态“三重绩效”视角，初步提出了其绩效评价指标体系框架，同时应用层次分析法（AHP法）建立了一个包括6个二级指标、14评价级指标的“三重绩效”评价模式，同时应用湖南省的调查数据对其进行了实证检验。实证表明：该评价模式具有较强的可行性。基于湖南省的实证调查，对农民专业合作社“三重绩效”的内部影响因子开展分析，在此基础上，对中国农民专业合作社的组织制度现状及其缺陷予以剖析，进而根据制度变迁理论分析其组织制度创新的制约因素，提出了组织制度创新的基本原则、整体目标及相应的产权制度、分配制度、内部治理结构的主要框架；同时，应用Probit回归分析模型，分析了农民专业合作社绩效的主要外部环境因素。研究表明：在14个因素中，合作社法律规制完善程度、对合作社负责人政治激励效度和社会对合作社教育培训的支持力度等多个因素对农民专业合作社的绩效具有正向影响，且影响显着，其他因素对其绩效的影响则不显着，从而为优化农民专业合作社发展的外部环境提供了必要的参照系。在全面回顾总结国内外政府扶持农民合作社经验和教训的基础上，对如何创造有利于其“三重绩效”改善所需的政治、经济、文化环境进行了初步研究，并对政府扶持其发展的方略选择开展了探讨。提出政府在政治法律制度方面应先微观层面后宏观层面有序推进，在经济扶持方面重在建立普惠式的金融信贷机制；各级政府的直接财政扶持资金应重点集中使用，或作为信贷担保基金，或支持绩效优良的合作社；业务指导应建立在对其绩效科学评价和有效激励基础上，通过间接手段有效干预和引导其完善内部治理，提高经济、社会、生态三重绩效。

　　【Abstract】 China is a large agricultural nation, the issue of the agriculture, the countryside and the farmer has been an important one in China. In 1978, the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the CPC made the reform and opening policy the major decision, and promoted the household contract responsibility system in countryside, which emancipated enormously the countryside productive forces, and solved the fanners’ problem of food and clothing initially. But, with the enhancement of our country agriculture marketability and the internationalization , in the two-tier management system featuring the integration of centralization and decentralization, the traditional collective economy organizations undertaking "the unified management" is nominal,and the limits of small scale peasant household separate management starts to reveal in the process of domestic and foreign market competition, in the course of taking the road of common prosperity and preventing polarization, as well as developing resource-saving and environment-friendly modern agriculture. Hence, it will be an important issue to build socialism new countryside and realize the goal of constructing comprehensive affluent society on the basis of innovating the agriculture management system and the mechanism, establishing a modern agriculture management system with Chinese characteristic, realizing the goal of "the second leap" of agriculture proposed by Deng Xiaoping, enhancing the economy, the society and the ecological benefit of agriculture while insisting household contract responsibility system. The historic experiences of domestic and foreign indicate that it is the solution to the issue of agriculture, the countryside and the farmers to guide farmers to organize by the cooperative society form according to the international recognized cooperation system principle.Using the theory of transaction cost, theory of property rights, theory of public choice, theory of industrial organization, theory of cooperative system, this thesis discusses the entitative regulations of the cooperative system, and analyses the main impetus of the farmer specialized cooperatives, and summarize the characteristic of four basic developing models in the view of the subject of system originating.From the prespect of "the tertiary achievements"of economy, society and ecology, this thesis proposes an achievement indicator system frame of farmer specialized cooperatives, establishes an evaluation mode including 6 second-level targets, 14 appraisal level targets using analytic hierarchy process (the AHP law), makes an empirical test on data of farmer specialized cooperatives in Hunan province. The test indicates that this appraisal pattern has strong feasibility.Based on the empirical test of farmer specialized cooperatives in Hunan province, this thesis analyses its achievements and the internal influence factors as well as its present situation and the flaws. Furthermore, the thesis analyses the restricting factors of institutional innovation of farmer specialized cooperatives, and proposes the main frame inclduing its basic principle, the overall goal, corresponding property system, distribution system and internal management structure.At the same time, the thesis analyses the relevance between achievements and its main external environment factor of farmer specialized cooperatives using the Probit regression analysis model. The research indicates: among 14 factors, the factors, such as the consummation degree of cooperatives laws and regulations, the validity of encouragement to the person in charge of cooperatives, and the support from society, and so on, have obvious positive influence on the farmer specialized cooperatives, while other factors have not remarkable influence on them, which provides essential reference for optimizing the external environmentof farmer specialized cooperatives.On the basis of summarizing the experiences and lessons of foreign and domestic farmer cooperatives, the thesis conducts a preliminary study on how to create suitalbe political,economical and cultural environment for the farmer cooperatives development, and discusses approaches that the government will take to support the the farmer specialized cooperatives. Then the thesis proposes some suggestion: 1) in the aspect of politics and law, the government should first pay more attention to the microcosmic stratification then macroscopic stratification, in the aspect of economy, the government establish Pratt and Whitney’s-like financial credit mechanism; 2) the direct fiscal support fund of governments at all levels should be concentrated on either as credit guarantee fund or support to the fine cooperatives; 3)The service instruction should stress on the scientific evaluation, and intervenes indirectly the specialized cooperatives so as to enhance the tertiary achievements.