【摘要】 农村合作经济在西方国家已有160年的历史。当今世界，无论是发达国家，还是欠发达国家，凡是受市场经济支配的农业，都存在农村合作经济组织，并且这种组织在经济社会中扮演了重要的角色。本文通过对国内外农村合作经济理论发展演化的历史的辨析，探讨我国农村合作经济的所有制形式、产权构造、运行机制及收益分配关系，以及政府在农村合作化进程中的基本职能和干预方式，国家立法对农村合作经济发展重要性与紧迫性。旨在为我国农村方兴未艾的合作化运动提供理论支撑与依据，为政府规范和支持合作社发展建言献策，为“三农”服务。 全文由导论、七章主题内容和余论共九部分构成。 1 导论 首先阐述了本研究的背景、目的及意义。 其次，就国内外合作经济理论与实践，作了较为详尽的述评。 最后，就本文研究的思路、方法以及本研究的创新作了说明。 2 合作经济理论辨析 本章是本文研究的理论支撑。 首先在对“农村合作经济”以及“合作制”相关概念的含义进行界定的基础上，以历史唯物主义观对合作经济理论及其相关理论产生的社会历史根源、作用及影响、发展演化进行评析，得到如下结论：①合作社经济是市场经济与人们追求公平结合的产物；②合作经济并不能达到空想社会主义者所追求的社会目标；③合作经济是弱势群体在目前生产力水平下，为追求经济利益而采取的一种有效的经济组织形式。 第二，分析了合作经济质的规定性：①所有者与惠顾者同一；②自愿、自治和独立；③成员民主控制(而非民主管理)；④按惠顾额分配盈余；⑤资本报酬有限。以上五个方面的规定决定了合作经济的质。而对剩余的索取权——“按惠顾额分配盈余、资本报酬有限”是合作经济质的核心。 第四，通过对合作理论实践的系统分析发现：①空想社会主义者由于其严重脱离了资本主义社会制度背景和市场经济环境，最终导致失败是必然的。②马克思主义的合作理论是建立在无产阶级夺取政权的基础之上，因此认为资本主义制度下的合作运动应该作为无产阶级夺取国家政权的工具。同时认为在夺取政权后，合作经济是产品经济的重要组成部分。由于其对生产力发展水平的不适应性，严重背离市场经济规律的要求，最终导致该制度的失效。③进化派的理论和实践向我们证明，合作经济首先是一种经济组织形式——合作社，它是弱势群体为满足合作成员的经济需求而选择的一11 农村合作经济理论与组织变迁研究种经济组织形式。④从成本最小化与交易费用的角度出发，人们选择合作经济组织形式的实质是合作社所做的作业比合作成员个别完成更能节省生产成本和交易成本，并从中分享规模经济和范围经济的利益。 3 合作经济的所有制形式 以合作经济理论述评和合作经济质的分析为基础，本章探讨合作经济的所有制性质与形式。 第一，生产资料全部属劳动者个人所有的形式。这种所有制的具体形式是：生产资料全部属劳动者个人所有，而由组织起来的劳动者集体占有、支配和使用。这类企业获得的税后利润，通过股金分红和劳动分红，全部分给劳动者个人，不提留公共积累，扩大再生产时由劳动者重新入股。 第二，生产资料个人所有与集体所有相结合的形式。这种所有制的具体形式是：合作社的生产资料中，既有个人所有的部分，如股金，又有集体所有的部分，即公共积累。合作经济组织既保留劳动者的个人所有权，同时在共同的生产经营中，又保持一定的公共积累。社员的股金虽属个人所有，但由集体占有、支配和使用；公共积累属集体所有，并由集体占有、支配和使用；股金和公共积累均用来谋求劳动者的共同利益和社会利益。 第三，资产中含有外来股份的形式。这是原有的供销服务型合作经济纵向一体化发展的必然选择。按照合作社原则，①合作经济组织可以通过各种渠道吸收外来资金，但一般不吸收外来股份，以兔外来投资者占有合作企业中劳动者创造的剩余价值。如果企业中只有少量外来股份，可以按合作经济原则运行。如果外来股份较多，那就应该实行股份制。②虽有外来股份，但企业基本上实行合作制原则，对外来股份在股份分红、民主管理上有一定限制。 第四，股份合作形式。股份合作制是由劳动者全员入股自愿组织起来，从事生产经营或服务活动，实行民主决策和管理，按资分红和按劳分红相结合，利益共享，风险共担，独立核算，自主经营，自负盈亏，并以企业财产独立承担民事责任的一种新的所有制形式。其合作的内核体现在两个方面：①全员相对均衡持股。由劳动者全员入股对外形成法人所有制，但对内则体现为企业成员均衡持股的集体所有制，它强调投资入股是成为企业员工的重要前提，但又保持了合作制中股东参加劳动的特征；②民主决策和管理。股份合作制企业民主决策与管理通过股东(代表)大会或职工(代表)大会来实施，职工的权利表现为参与重大决策的表决权，表决权的分配可以采取三种不同的方式；③按资分红与按劳分红相结合。剩余索取权既考虑股份权益，又考虑成员劳动的权?

　　【关键词】 合作经济的质； 农村合作经济； 所有制形式； 产权构造； 运行机制； 政府行为；

　　【Abstract】 Rural cooperative economy has had the history of 160 years in the most of western nation. No matter being the developed or the developing countries with marketing system, there are all the rural cooperatives, which play very important role in the economy society. Aiming at observation of the developing history of the home and abroad rural cooperatives, and peasants spontaneous selections of their organizations, the thesis researched the system of ownership form, structure of property right, operating mechanism and the relationship of income distributing and developed the basic function and intervening manner of government in course of the rural cooperation, and pointed out that the national cooperative laws making would be important and urgent. Chapter 1, IntroductionBackground, purpose and the meaning of this research were firstly expounded.Next the comparatively detailed commentary was done in cooperative theory and practice of home and abroad countries.Finally, the innovation in the thesis, the thought and method in the research, has been explained. Chapter 2, Commentary of General Cooperative Economic TheoriesIt is firstly carried on the boundary to the concerned definition that involves (1) Cooperation. Cooperation means that people help and cooperate with each other mutually beneficial. People may select cooperative form, partnership, joint venture or joint-stock company in order to achieve the creation purpose that they imagine.(2) Cooperative. By way of the definition of history and international cooperation alliance as well as the difference analysis of the west countries cooperative forms, it is thought that the cooperative is that for the joint interest in the essential meaning, the laborer found economic enterprise or the economy organization according to the cooperative principles.(3) Cooperative and rural cooperative. The cooperative is not only one kind of form of organization, but also one kind of important economic form in the society economic structure. Generally the rural cooperative economy is indicating the general designation of various cooperative economy activities in rural areas.(4) Cooperation system. The cooperation system is a kind of social-economic system that laborer works together, and is the synthesis of relations of production. The cooperation system has the branch of narrow sense and the broad sense.Next, evaluation of cooperative and related theories has been made in social and historical origin, effect and the influence and development, and pointed out: Cooperative is resulted from the combination between fair need and marketing system; Cooperative can not achieve the society objectives that the Utopian socialism person sought; Nowadays economy productivity makes the cooperative one kind of available form of organization for the weak power colony for seeking the economic interest possesses extensively.Thirdly, the most important part in the chapter is the qualitative regularity of cooperative, and getting the following conclusions:1. All members are owner and laborer contemporary; 2. Cooperative keeps unconstraint and autonomy and independence; 3. Member controls at democracy; 4. Distribute the surplus according to ones labor contribution; 5. Capital reward is limited. Chapter 3, Cooperative Economic System of Ownership FormsBased upon the cooperative economic theory commentary and the cooperative qualitativeanalysis, quality and the form of cooperative economic system of ownership were discussed in this chapter.Firstly, the assets of the cooperative belong to cooperative member to own collectively, and must be arranged by the collective.Second, in the inner of the economic cooperatives, the ownerships or use rights of the production goods belong to all members. The workers, as owner of the production goods, combine together with means of production in the cooperative. An important characteristic of the cooperative economy is that production goods are processed by the organized labors collectively, and it has primarily below types:

　　【Key words】 Characters of Cooperative； Rural Cooperative； Ownership Forms； Property Right Configuration； Operating Mechanism； Governmental Action；