【摘要】 农业作为三大产业的基础产业,是一个弱质产业,农业生产具有风险高,收益不稳定的特性,而且在我国,我国农业生产又面临着土地规模小、生产方式粗放两大基本现状。这些现状形成了农业生产收入低下的特点。虽然农村劳动力转移、农民的兼业化收入已成为农民收入的重要组成部分,是缩短城乡收入差距的重要措施,但是并未从根本上解决农业生产收入低下的问题。而农民合作社的出现与发展,为农户提高农业生产收入带来了新的契机。从功能上看,农户合作社无论是对农业发展,还是对农户的收入提高都具有重要的促进意义。然而合作社发展过程中,也遇到了各种问题,一个突出的问题就是合作社的适用性问题。从本质上看,合作社存在的重要功能就在于增加农户收入,那么对于分散经营的农户来说,其农产品的特性以及市场交易成本的大小就决定了是否能够形成合作社,这两个方面决定了合作社的适用性以及增收性。农产品难标准化的特点,决定了农产品差异性的特点,决定了农产品有较大的价格变化性；农产品质量的隐匿性特点,使得在农产品市场上容易出现“柠檬市场”现象；农产品的分散生产往往决定了农产品价格的有限性特点,决定了农产品价格会被控制在一个相对较低的水平；农产品在短时期内大量供给,较易形成供过于求的局面,造成农产品价格大量下跌,而在其他时间,农产品由于缺乏生产供给,又形成了农产品价格上升趋势,从而表现为农产品价格波动性。合作社成立能够促进直接生产成本降低,主要在于合作社把农户生产集中起来,形成了对生产资料大规模的需求,而且在市场风险存在的条件下,通过合作社更容易与厂商形成长期契约约定,在这种情况下,合作社中的农户更容易以较低的价格获取生产资料,从而降低了直接生产成本。合作社另一个作用就是减少间接投入成本,这主要是减少农户在生产过程中为了搜寻使用生产资料而额外付出的成本。另外,合作社通过品牌效应发展也会促进农户收入的提高。由于农产品品质的隐匿性,使得消费者对实际农产品购买需求量降低,而合作社的出现,从另一个方面给消费者带来了保证,促进了农产品需求量的增加,从而提高了农户的实际收入；而且合作社为了追求长期发展,往往更注重自己的品牌发展,以及消费者的回头率。在这种情况下,就会促进消费者对该合作社的农产品需求量增加。为了更好验证以上理论假说,本文结合葡萄生产的特点,通过具体案例分析了葡萄合作社增收机制的具体表现,并指出相关的政策措施背后蕴含的经济学原理。案例分析主要包括以下三个案例：江苏句容丁庄葡萄合作社,北京新特新葡萄产销合作社,常州礼嘉新南葡萄合作社。为了更好发展农户合作社,促进农户收入提高,本文提出如下政策建议：积极宣传农户合作社作用,提高农户对合作社的认识；制定和完善合作社法,协助合作社制定好管理运作的一整套制度,制定相应的农业发展优惠政策,为农户合作社发展提供宽松的政策环境；为农村合作社发展提供相应的支持,如在金融、税收、项目等方面向合作社提供各种优惠等；建立一个同政府对话的合作社工作部门,作为协调与政府各部门的关系,帮助合作社解决自身难以解决的问题的渠道。

　　【关键词】 农户合作社； 农产品市场特点； 交易成本； 葡萄产业；

　　【Abstract】 As the basic of three major industries, agriculture is weaker, agricultural production is high-risk and the return is uncertain. And in our country, the farmers face the two basic conditions that land is small-scale land and the produce of product is extensive. Because of that, the income of producing product is poor. Although the transfer of rural labor has increased the income of farmer, and the industry income of farmers has become an important part of the income of farmers, this does not fundamentally solve the problem of low income of agricultural production. The development of farmer cooperatives has brought a new opportunity to improve agricultural production and incomes for farmers.From the functions, the cooperatives have played a great role in the development of agriculture and the increase of farmers’ income. However, with the development of the cooperative, we also face many problems. One of them is that the applicability of the cooperatives. The role of the cooperatives is to increase household income, so the characteristics of agricultural products and the market transaction costs have decide the development of the cooperatives.That the standardization of product is difficult to determine, has decided the characteristics of agricultural diversity, has determined the variability of prices of agricultural products;occult quality characteristics of agricultural products, has made the agricultural markets prone to "lemon market" phenomenon; that agricultural production is often scattered determines the agricultural products will be decided at a very low level;the large supply of agricultural products in a short period of time, is easy to form a situation of oversupply, resulting in a large number of agricultural prices fell, while at other times, due to lack of supply, the price of agricultural products becomes higher, causing the result of the agricultural price volatility.Cooperatives can cause the direct cost lower by making the farmers together, and thus formed a large-scale production needs. By making a long agreement with the vendor, the farmers of the cooperative can get a lower price o production, thus making famers get the direct cost.Another role of the cooperatives is to reduce the indirect input costs, mainly to reduce the cost of the additional time spent on the research of productions.In addition, the development of cooperatives through the brand will also promote the improvement of household income. Because of the occult quality of agricultural products, the actual demand of consumers purchase for agricultural products is lower, while the emergence of cooperatives brings a guarantee to consumers, promotes the increase of demand for agricultural products, thereby increasing the real income of farmers. And in order to pursue long-term development, the co-operatives often pay more attention to their own brand development, and the impress of the consumers, in this case, it will increase the demand for agricultural products.In order to verify the theoretical hypothesis, with the characteristics of grape production, this paper has studied the roles of cooperatives of grape in increasing farmers’ income, and tried to find the economic theory behind it. We has find three cases, including: the Jurong Dingzhuang Grape Cooperative, the Beijing’s Xinte Cooperatives, Changzhou Lijiaxinnan Grape Cooperative.In order to deeply develop the cooperatives, this paper has give the following policy recommendations:raising awareness of farmers on cooperatives; setting and improving the cooperative law to help develop a set of good management system, making preferential policies to develop appropriate agricultural development, giving farmers a relaxed policy environment; giving the cooperative some help, such as finance, taxation, and other aspects of the project to develop the cooperative; establishing a cooperative dialogue with the Government departments to help the cooperative to solve their problems.

　　【Key words】 cooperative； farmers market； transaction cost； characteristics of grope industry；