【摘要】 在农业生产越来越市场化、农民需求越来越多元化的前提下，要解决小生产和大市场的有效对接，减少农民市场交易的风险和不确定性，提高交易效率，就必须有一个能直接、真正代表农民利益的组织来充当农民和市场的中介。构建农民合作经济组织，满足农民的合作需求，就显得非常重要和必要。本文就是在这样的一个背景下展开研究的。 通过对农民合作组织的历史绩效评价可以看到：对合作的认识和遵循的指导思想与农民合作组织的发展关系很大；在制度变迁道路选择上应考虑借鉴渐进式改革之路；必须考虑参加者主体—农户的经济行为预期及产权结构、组织垄断、规模等因素的影响。 农民合作组织发展的必然性源于农业生产的生物性、地域分散性和生产的随意性，同时也决定农民合作经济组织必须具有灵活性、多样化、可过渡性和以社区为基础的特殊要求。从制度经济学分析，农民合作经济组织在降低农民外部交易成本、实现公平和效率平衡、降低风险和不确定性等方面具有经济上的合理性，所以有进一步规范和发展的必要。 对美、日、台湾地区的合作经济组织性质、组织结构、政府行为、演变阶段的比较分析，得出农民合作经济组织要保有组织的纯洁性、国家应提供相应的法律保护和强有力的政策倾斜，包括财政补贴、税收优惠、金融准入、人才培养等方面的支持，合作组织内部要有完善的运行机制等方面等值得我们借鉴的经验。 发展农民合作经济组织，应该坚持一个改革成本最小、农民进入市场最快、给农民带来收益最大的组织发展思路，通过对农村现存组织资源，包括信用社、供销合作社、社区合作组织和专业合作组织的实证分析，提出在农民合作经济组织发展上要给予农民完全的选择自由、政府的主要职能应是立法和制度服务、允许和鼓励组织的可过渡性、确保农产家庭经营的相对独立性，杜绝新形式的“政社合一”四条原则；信用社改革可破除原来合作领域，探索多种合作功效实现形式；供销合作社可施行股份合作制并在经营方式上进行创新；专业合作经济组织发展要考虑生产力水平、农产品特性、生产的集群特点等影响因素，实事求是地、有针对性地发展；社区合作组织应充分发挥原有制度遗产留给社区组织的社会动员、与政府的关系优势，发挥由血缘、地缘所赋予的特殊聚合作用，转向提供社区公共物品、管理协调、信息服务、商业担保等以服务、协调为主的服务职能上。最后提出减少行政干预、加快农民合作组织的立法、加大政策扶持力度、提供公共服务等政策建议。

　　【关键词】 农村； 合作组织； 农民合作经济组织； 专业合作经济组织；

　　【Abstract】 Nowdays, under the pressure of agricultural manufacture mostly depend on market, and the peasants requirements becomes excessive, to enhance the efficiency of the small farmer’ economy in large market, decrease the risk and indeterminacy in market bargaining, there must have a organization to be the agency inter peasants and market, the organization must delegate benefit of the peasants straightly and in deed, so construct farmer cooperative organization is .very importantWe can know the facts through Evaluate the performance of the peasants cooperative organization history: the knowledge about cooperative and follow which guidance have some relation in the development of peasants cooperative organization ;we should choose the gradually pattern for system flux, must consider the economic behavior expect in the main body of organization-the farms. Besides, property rights, frame organization, monopolistic organization, and scale of organization also have effect on the development.The inevitability of the peasants cooperative organization is the biology zone decentralization and random in yielding ,simultaneity decide the special need, there are agility diversification transition and base on community. We can analysis peasants cooperative organization recur to the theory of institution economics, the emergence of peasants cooperative organization can reduce farms exterior transaction cost, realization balance of justice and efficiency , reducing risk and indeterminacy.Compare to American Japan and Taiwan district ,analysis their peasants cooperative organization in character structure government action and evolvement phases, we can conclude the following point: retain organization immaculacy, law protect and policy slope include finance subsidy revenue excellent finance admittance and HR train etc. all of this experience have worth to be used for referenceTo develop peasants cooperative economic organization, we should adhere a way, that is the innovation cost is least , farms enter market is soon also bring the most incomes. Demonstration analysis to rural organize resource present, In the way ,we should adhere four principle: give farms full choice freedom the government should serve in legislation and constitute policy, allow and encourage cooperative economic organization transition , insure the independence of family working, aim at four intrinsic factor prolificacy levels farm produce characteristic yielding gather peculiarity, give the means and substance way for specialty cooperative economic organization. For community cooperative organization , it should supply commonality goods correspond information service commerce surety. The study put forward some policy advises: accelerate the legislation of agricultural organization , decrease administration doing .increase support force in policy, provide community facilities and services.

　　【Key words】 peasant； cooperative organization； peasants cooperative economic organization； professional cooperative economic organization；