【摘要】 本文以马克思主义为指导,结合现代西方经济学特别是制度经济学的研究成果,采用宏观与微观相结合、定性研究与定量研究相结合、规范分析与实证分析相结合的研究方法,对近年来在中国农村蓬勃发展起来的农民合作经济组织进行了剖析和透视。对农民合作经济组织产生的动力机制、运行机制、面临问题、发展趋势等问题进行了深入、系统的探索。并分别从制度变迁、激励约束机制的设计、效率分析、规模分析、交易费用等不同的视角,对农民合作经济组织进行了分析和研究。最后,给出了促进农民合作经济组织发展应遵循的一般性原则和具体的政策建议。

　　【关键词】 农民； 合作经济组织； 合作社； 变迁；

　　【Abstract】 The establishment of the family-contract responsibility system and market-based reform of circulation of agricultural products have excited the enthusiasm of the rural microeconomy subject greatly, and at the same time promoted the development of countryside productivity. However, the rural economy still faces the profound contradiction for a long time. That is, on one hand the need of market-based development of agricultural products which’s expanding day by day cannot be met by the basic organization which peasant household’s family produces and manages as agriculture. One the other, traditional agricultural products’circulation together with service organization can’t meet the request of the rural economy development further far because of the question on the system and operating mechanism either. Tracing it to its source, it is one of the most important reasons why " small-scale production " of individual peasant households lacks the effective trade to coordinate the mechanism with " big market " of the whole . Under such a great background, New Cooperative Economic Organization of Farmers have mounted the historical stage, demonstrating the vigorous vitality. The fast emergence of Cooperative Economic Organization of Farmers has its inherent certainty--Chinese economic society has gone through transition and development and offered the primary condition for emergence of the cooperative economic organization overallly with higher speed; the establishment of the management system of peasant household’s family has established the system foundation for the rise of the cooperative economic organization; the enlargement of the market is the inherent motive force that Cooperative Economic Organization of Farmers produces ; the urgent request that peasant’s disadvantaged groups saved oneself has accelerated the development of the cooperative economic organization. It is the political inducement that Cooperative Economic Organization of Farmers grows up with higher speed ,that the law is supported and promoted with the government, important assurance of organization and foundation to the protection system of the rural policy that it is the important component of structuring rural social service system , and the country, meanwhile, Cooperative Economic Organization of Farmers promotes the industrialization of agricultural managing to rural industrial structure adjustment, reduce the trade expenses and market risk, promote the rational flow of the rural factor of production, the scientific and cultural qualities of improving Farmers all play a positive role. The operation on the mechanism of Cooperative Economic Organization of Farmers is comparatively scientific. It does not change family’s management system , but remains firm in adhering to ownership of the means of production of agriculture, with land contract relationship not changed , the agricultural decision-making power in operation and production not changed . It becomes a shareholder voluntarily by members, implement democratic management, independent management, profit-and-loss responsibility, inside decision one-man-one-vote, great affairs members decide, set up distinct property right mechanism. In assigning, besides leaving essential expenses and common accumulation, all return the others to the members of the cooperative economic organization according to certain principles, which havs ensured the interests of peasant households. Under such property rights and distribution system, peasant households combine, enter the freedom of retreating voluntarily, supervised, restrained the right of Cooperative Economic Organization of Farmers at the same time. All these really reflected non-governmental, the people’s tube, the people’s benefited principle. The Chinese cooperative economic organization of Farmers has already obtained fast development at present, but compared with other developed countries, the cooperative economic organization of our country is relatively less in quantity , the coverage rate is low, the proportion of the Farmers that enter the society of peasant households takes a small amount in the village , which indicates that the development of Cooperative Economic Organization of Farmers of our country is at primary stage. The article has also carried on deep systemic economics analysis to Cooperative Economic Organization of Farmers. First, it carries on detailed exposition on influencing peasant’s cooperative changes system supply and demand factor of the system of economic organization which have compared the difference of income current value that three different subjects of individual , organization , government are obtained in system changes separately, emphasizing that it is the basic point of departure of the changes action subject of the system to compare the cost of system changes -the income. As it points out , if individual , organization and decision result of three levels in the country are incompatible, but contradictory each other, so supreme policymaker will compare the net value of prospective earnings that various kinds of systems suitable for choosing will be arranged, elect a positive greatest last choice of conduct of net present value (NPV) from it. If all current value is shouldered , changed and already to state had system arrangement that has lost more than gain, have system innovation then , wait until income rise or cost reduce to enough to produce one just can take place innovation after the feasible arrangement economically only. Second, it has defined that Cooperative Economic Organization of Farmers carries on two basic principles that the effective incentive mechanism is designed and must be followed : Participate in restraining from and encouraging inclusive restraint. Under the abundant information condition , contract three kinds of different incentive systems to analyse and compare to the rent , labour wage , output of goal. It has proved that on terms that store in and frustrate Germany’s behavior, the best incentive mechanism of Cooperative Economic Organization of Farmers should include two parts , fixed income and variable income (the function of the output ). Third, cooperated with peasant to agricultural productioning , the economic organization has carried on scale analysis, pointing out that agriculture does not possess remarkable scale merit on the annual ring at the present stage of our country, so, pursue concentrating extensively on and annexing the promotion by a large margin that can bring agricultural production efficiency rapidly of land blindly, which may bring a lot of social concerns instead. Because the natural adaptability of agricultural production of and the decentralized management of the family still suit with our country’s present productivity development level and rural current situation . So on the annual ring , we must adhere to the family-contract responsibility system all the time , the land taking and pursue of the annexation of land as purpose should follow in order and advance step by step to circulate the system reform on the premise of insisting in basic position of household management , spread over a whole area from one point, move forward cautiously, keep keeping the same with development level of productivity, avoid advancing rashly, making it rigidly uniform blindly. Meanwhile, cooperative scale of economic organization should be one-sided to ask heavy and extensive to mean the high efficiency . Fourth, it points out that Cooperative Economic Organization of Farmers can offers the efficiency and justice at the same time , the fair income that it offers is mainly including evading the market risk and improving the market position, and its efficiency income offered is mainly including reducing the transaction cost and obtaining large-scale production. Cooperative Economic Organization of Farmers has born efficiency losses for the fair goal, has born government’s part, offered the fair function, in other words, therefore it needs the government correctly which offers system service as compensation. The fifth, it has analysed that trades, the composition of the expenses in the agricultural production process, include mainly: buying the trade expenses , trade expenses , system cost and social cost of selling agricultural products which produce the input. Meanwhile , it carried on certain analysis to peasant’s cooperative function in economizing the trade expenses of economic organization, thrift that it can be effective looks for the expenses of the trading object, economize the information cost, cost economizing the negotiation , concluding the contract and cost that the supervision carried out . Finally, I have put forward the corresponding policy recommendations. Set up the rational cooperative operating mechanism of economic organization; Strengthen the training and education; Define property relations clearly; The construction strengthening market system and market and organizing, promote the development of commodity economy; Reduce administrative interference, reduce the risk of controlling; Offer information service, reduce risk expectancy; Improve the communal facilities, reduce and search the cost; Strengthen the legal construction, reduce the agreement cost; Implement the favorable policy, raise the prospective earnings; It should be cautious that the land taking pursueing the annexation of land as purpose circulates the system reform, avoid advancing rashly and making it rigidly uniform blindly; Strengthen cooperation the economic theoretical research; Launch the work of launching a pilot project actively.

　　【Key words】 Farmers； Cooperative Economic Organization； Cooperative society； Changes；