Abstract:Traditional views and models of perishable food suppliers fail to capture the fundamental role of time integration in firm-level organization. A two-phase research design of major grower–shipper firms of lettuce, tomatoes, and melons reveals a diverse distribution of firms across the time-integration continuum. Most firms use more than one microclimate to extend product availability. Decision makers are encouraged to understand the implications of these temporally integrated organizations on agricultural and trade policy.

　　Subjects:Time management; Agricultural industries; Perishable prepared food manufacturing; Perishable goods

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