【摘要】 本文通过纵向探讨与横向比较对合作金融进行了系统考察,在以下几个方面取得了突破: 第一,合作思想基点问题的探讨。许多学者在探讨中国合作金融问题时,发现在指导思想上存在较大差异,也即“基点”不同,这种不同在什么地方?为什么出现这样的不同?其制度环境是怎样的?它们存在的偶然性与必然性是什么?通过对这些问题的探讨,我们发现:股份制、股份合作制、合作制、合伙制等都是社会化地运用社会资源发展生产力的手段,西方合作指导思想与中国合作的指导思想(即马列的合作思想)共同的基点是针对社会弱者的社会化地运用有限社会资源发展生产力的方法。第二,合作金融运行机理(内部运行规律)研究。产权(股权)决定企业的定位和性质,企业的定位和性质又决定了其经营目标和发展方向,经营目标和发展方向又决定了企业经营方式和模式的选择。企业的产权(股权)必然受经济环境的影响,随经济发达程度的不同而变异。合作金融之合作,与其他合作形式不同,它是一个经营特殊商品——货币的联合企业。因此,其合作是资本基础上劳动的联合,它是劳动与资本两方面的共同联合与合作,其发展的过程必然是资本联合与劳动联合博奕过程,并且两种联合随着社会经济的发展,必然出现不平衡博奕——在经济欠发达时,寻求互助和服务的劳动联合占主体地位,这时,合作金融组织的运行特征充分体现“合作”特色,人文关爱、友情互助色彩明显;随着经济实力的增强和向发达经济形态的过渡,弱势群体相应缩小(期间伴随着农村工业化和城镇化进程),寻求互助的资金运用减少,寻求投资获利动机的资本联合的影响增大,合作制原则随之调整,在确保合作原则的前提下充分体现投资者的利益,股权结构必然分化,进而实现多元化。在此基础上,合作金融的经营目标必然多元化。这一规律从根本上解释了现代合作金融的发展方向——有限合作下的商业化经营。第三,对中国合作金融机构——农村信用社改革之路的探讨。廓清了多年以来有关农村信用社改革与发展中争论不休的许多问题——合作制与“三性”的回归、经营方式与多元化目标、发展方向与模式选择等等。首先根据农村信用社的实际情况,分析了其发展的阶段性,首次提出了农村信用社发展的阶段性理论,不同阶段具有不同的产权关系,由此决定不同的经营目标定位。第一次提出了农村信用社的转轨形态理论,系统分析了农村信用社模式选择与经济发达程度的相关性,提出了应根据不同的形态 I农村合作金融制度研究与发展阶段,结合当地经济发达程度,设定相应的发展模式和运行机制,股份制商业化是农村信用社的发展方向。在对农村信用社产权分析与论证的基础上,经过实地调研,结合实际提出了切实可行的农村信用社发展模式、运行机制和管理体制等制度设计,有针对性地提出了改革建议,对于农村信用社的改革和发展,对于防止国有资产的流失具有重要的理论价值和现实指导意义。第四,中国合作金融“变异”实质的再审视。计划经济条件下的农村信用社是集体经济而非合作经济。因为在计划经济时期,农户以及其他经济组织既不存在独立的市场经济主体所具有的权利和生存空间,也根本不存在利用市场来配置资源的交易环境。农村信用社产权是“集体化”而非“集合化”产权,集合化是指个体产权的集合,个体产权仍然是被尊重的并且是可以获益的,集合产权为个体产权服务;而集体化是指集合并统为一体,不再划分你我,不存在个体产权独立的权益,股金是形成集体的手段。另一方面,农村信用社,作为国家金融的基层机构,作为国家计划配置资源工具的一部分,其积淀自然是(或者说主要是)国家财富的盈余,在不存在市场环境的情况下,整个机构与人员都在国家系统之内,也就不存在“社员股金盈余积累”的结果,何况社员股金占比极小。所以,资产的积累等大多是国家财政或其他政策支持的结果,政府必然主导其制度变迁。因而中国合作金融“变异”既有合作思想指导上的差异,也是历史发展的必然逻辑,更是政府强制性制度变迁的结果。第五,市场经济条件下合作金融的重塑。当前构建农村合作金融可以通过两条路径:其一,重塑农村信用社的合作性。对农村信用社的股权设置为社员资格股和投资股,资格股主要面向弱势群体——农户、个体工商户等募集,凭资格股获得农村信用社的优先、优惠服务。投资股主要面向种养业大户、个体民营业主和企业法人募集,是为获取投资收益并承担相应风险的股金。股权的设置保证了民主管理制度的实行,进而体现并保护社员的利益,并实现对社员的利润返还,形成利益共同体。其二,培育新型的农村合作金融组织。主要是指让民间金融合法化,充分发挥其作用,更好地满足农村经济的融资需求。在催生新的合作金融组织方面,政府应当用诱致性的经济手段发挥导引作用,但最为现实的选择是新生农村合作经济组织(行业性、专业性合作组织)、农业产业化龙头企业、个体工商户等的资金联合。需要强调的一点,新生的合作金融组织必须按照“合作制”原则,充分体现互助功能。此外,在运用市场营销学的细分原则确定合作金融的市场定位;探寻合作金融运行环境与制度变异的相……

　　【Abstract】 This thesis investigates scientifically and systematically the cooperative finance by themeans of chronological probe and synchronical comparison and makes breakthroughs in thefollowing aspects: First, it probes into the base point of cooperative concept. It is studied by many scholars indiscussing the Chinese cooperatives finance that the guiding ideologies–base points--arevarious. This thesis studies the questions, such as differences and the reasons, the systematiccondition, contingency and inevitability of the different base points. By the study, it is foundthat joint stock system, stock cooperative system and partnership system are all means toutilize the social resource to develop the productivity. Second, it studies the operating mechanism (or: inner operating law) of cooperativefinance. Property right (or: stock right )determines the orientation and characteristic of theenterprise while the orientation and characteristic determines the enterprise’s managing targetand developing direction, both of which decide the operating manner and mode. The propertyright (or: stock right) is inevitably affected by the economic environment and varies with theeconomic development level. The so-called “cooperative” in “cooperative finance ”, which isdifferent from other cooperation, is cooperative industry which manages the specialcommodity –currency. Thus, its cooperative is a unification of labor based on currency and acooperation of labor and currency. So, its development is a game between currencycooperation and labor cooperation, which is inevitably developing toward the disequilibriumof the game with the social economic development. It is presented in the game that laborcooperation seeking for mutual help and service plays a main role in less advanced period,and cooperative finance shows the characteristics of “cooperation, solicitude and friendship”,but cooperative system changes its principle to represent the transition to advanced economicform and property right structure develops toward diversity because of decreasing weak group(accompanied by agricultural industrialization and citification) and less capital utility formutual help. As a result of that, the management target of cooperation of modern cooperationfinance, i.e. the commercialized management with limited cooperation. Third, the reform of Chinese cooperation financial institution-rural cooperatives isstudied in this thesis. It clarifies many haunting questions about the reform and development,such as the return of cooperative system and “3 characteristics”, managing manner anddiversification target, orientation and mode-choosing. Based on the study of current situationof rural cooperative, it puts forward for the first time and analyzes the theory of phasic i农村合作金融制度研究development of cooperative, which relates that different property right in different phasesdetermine different managing target orientations, and it deals with for the first time the theoryof transitional form of rural cooperatives, which includes the analysis of relationship of modechoosing of rural cooperative and economic level, analysis of corresponding mode andoperation system to different forms and stages and to local economy, and analysis of jointstock commercialization being the orientation of rural cooperative’s development. This thesisbrings forth the practical developing mode, operation system with the help of analysis ofproperty right of rural cooperatives, and it is instructive and invaluable for the reform anddevelopment as well as for avoiding drain on state assets. Fourth, the nature of variation of Chinese cooperative finance is re-examined. The ruralcooperative under the condition of planned economy was collective economy but notcooperative economy because the farmers and other economic organizations shared neitherthe right nor condition of being independent main body nor the trade environment of resource

　　【关键词】 农村合作金融； 运行机理； 制度变迁； 发展模式；

　　【Key words】 rural cooperative finance； operating mechanism； system transfer； developing mode；