【摘要】 建国以来,中国渔村发生了巨大的历史变迁。荣成市作为一个渔业大市,在改革开放初期全国农村普遍推广承包责任制的背景下,充分考虑渔业发展的特色,保留本市的渔业集体经济,形成了“集体所有,统一经营,分级承包,纯利分成”的“荣成渔业发展模式”,并取得了良好的经济效益和社会效益。然而,随着制度环境的改变,这种渔村社区合作经济组织也呈现出多样化的发展趋势,并面临着新的挑战。本文以荣成市四个各具特色的渔村社区为重点研究对象,运用新制度经济学的理论框架和实地研究方法,深入渔村进行田野调查,通过第一手资料,对荣成市渔村社区合作经济组织的变迁进行了系统研究和微观剖析,旨在展现其变迁过程,提炼出影响其变迁的关键性因素,并总结归纳它们存在的问题和未来发展趋势,提出可行性的政策建议。本文的主要内容包括:第1章介绍了本研究的选题依据、研究方法、研究思路、创新点和基本概念,第2、3章是文献综述与评析,并建构了本研究的基本理论分析框架,第4章至第7章是个案选择的依据,并对4个渔村社区进行了个案分析,第8章通过个案比较分析了荣成市渔村社区合作经济组织变迁的影响因素,第9、10章总结了渔村社区合作经济组织的问题、发展趋势、政策建议、变迁历程和影响因素,并讨论了本文的局限性。本文的结论主要有:(1)渔村社区合作经济组织变迁经历了三个发展阶段,分别是国家政府强制下的渔业合作社、地方政府强制下的渔业集体经济和渔村自主管理下的社区合作经济组织。(2)渔村社区合作经济组织变迁的影响关因素主要有海洋产业的演变、地方政府的制度服务、社区企业的良好发展、渔村社区的社会资本、社区精英的能人效应和制度与环境的相容性。(3)渔村社区合作经济组织的问题主要集中在集体产权模糊、改制初始分配不公、社区权利高度集中、集体资产流失和制度变迁路径依赖等方面。(4)为避免以上问题恶化,建议在政府引导下,采取两种改进方案,一种是集体资产仍旧存留在社区企业内,由新选举代表村民利益的村委会来监督管理相关股权的分红与收支;另一种是社区企业和社区村民通过充分协商签订合作协议,明确双方的责任与义务,避免因为要求再缔约不断争夺集体产权带来的高昂讨还成本。以上两种变迁途径的实现都需要一个基本前提,即渔村社区要选举出一个代表村民利益的新村委会,村委会主要成员要有与社区企业进行有效谈判的实力,并且绝对不能在社区企业内交叉任职。

　　【Abstract】 Since the establishment of People’s Republic of China, fishing villages have experienced tremendous development. As a fishery city, Rongcheng City gave full consideration to the characteristics of fishery development and retained the collective economy of the city’s fishing industry after the reform and opening up of China, when the household contract responsibility system was popularized in the most of rural areas. Because the characteristics of fisheries include large investment one-time, great risk, seasonal fluctuation, strong collaboration. Rong- cheng has formed a unique business model, which made much econo- mic benefits and social benefits. The characteristics of this model include all property owned collectively, unified business, contract levels and net income being allocated.However, with the changes in the institutional environment, the fishing community cooperative economic organizations are also showing a variety of trends and facing new challenges. It is not suitable for the needs of the development in some fishing villages.Four fishing communities are researched in the paper, which have different characteristics in Rongcheng. The theoretical framework of the new institutional economics and the field research methods of the sociology are applied in the paper. Through field survey in fishing villages getting much first-hand material, which are used to systemic research on the villages and microscopic analysis the development of community cooperative economic organizations in Fishing villages, in order to show the change process, refine the factors which affected them, summarize their problems and future trends, then put forward feasible policy recommendations. Field research is a kind of sociological research methods commonly used, which being used in combinative with the new institutional economics is a novel attempt.The main contents in the paper include: Chapter 1 introduces the basis for choosing this subject, research methods, research ideas, framework of the paper, innovation, basic concept and so on. Chapter 2 is a literature review and an assessment. Chapter 3 constructs a basic theoretical analysis framework of the study. Chapter 4 is the basis for selection of cases. Four fishing community cooperative economic organizations are analyzed in Chapter 4 to Chapter 7, which have different characteristics and different development results achieved. Some important factors to be extracted by a comparative analysis of the four community cooperative economic organizations in Chapter 8, which include the evolution of marine industry, system of local government services, the sound development of community enterprises, social capital of the fishing communities, effect of the community elite capable, system compatibility with the environment. Chapter 9 and chapter 10 summarizes some problems of the fishing village cooperative economic organizations, their development trends, policy recommendations, change process, factors influencing change process and discuss the limitations of this article.The main conclusions of this paper are:(1)Fishing village community cooperation economy organizations experienced three development stages, which are the fishing cooperative organizations forced by the national government, the fishing collective economy retained by the local governments firmly and the autonomous economic organizations in fishing communities.(2) Factors that influence the development of community cooperative economic organization in fishing villages include the evolution of marine industry, system of local government services, the sound development of community enterprises, social capital of the fishing communities, effect of the community elite capable, system compatibility with the environment. System compatibility with the environment is the most important factor of them. (3) Major problems of the community cooperative economic organization in fishing villages include collective property owner is not clear, the initial allocation system is unfair when enterprise reform, high concentration of community power, serious loss of collective property and malignant path dependence of the Changes of community system.(4) To avoid deterioration of the above problems, numbers of feasible policy recommendations have been proposed in the paper. Firstly, the core issue should be seized to avoid malignant path dependence of institutional change. And then, there are two available ways for institutional change. One is that collective assets still remain in the community enterprise as collective shares, which managed by the village committee to ensure the equity dividend payments, and the village committee must be established by the village election. The other one is that cooperation agreement should be signed by the fishing village and community enterprises after full consultation between them. Agreement must be clear responsibilities and obligations of both sides, which will to avoid the high cost of recovers the collective property rights and requires re-contracting. To realize the above two ways of change, a new village committee must be established in fishing communities, which should represent the interests of the villagers. The members of the new village committee must have strong bargaining power and can not hold any position in the community enterprises, to avoid a relapse into chaos of the management of collective assets. The financial must be fully and completely separated between enterprises and Villages. The new village committee are responsible for supervision of community-based enterprises are strictly performed its responsibilities and obligations, which must also accept the supervision of all the villagers. Village management services must be open to all villagers.

　　【关键词】 渔村； 社区合作经济组织； 社区精英； 变迁； 集体经济；

　　【Key words】 Fishing villages； Community cooperative economic organization； Community elite； Development； Collective economy；