【摘要】 20世纪70年代末、80年代初,我国各地推进农业经营体制改革,实行家庭承包责任制,重建了农户经济。这一制度调动了农民的积极性和创造性,解放和发展了农村生产力。但是,家庭承包制的实行也形成了我国单个农户小规模生产经营的格局,在一定程度上造成了农户生产经营过度分散化和非组织化问题。提高农民组织化程度,必须依靠农村经济组织的制度创新。在农户家庭经营制度的基础上发展专业合作经济组织,是培育市场竞争主体,解决小生产与大市场之间矛盾的有效途径,也是提高农民组织化程度,推进农业产业化和现代化进程的重要方式。然而,与发达国家相比,我国农民合作经济组织尚处在起步阶段,组织实力不强、运作不规范、经营机制不健全,远远没有发挥出应有的组织优势。我国农民合作经济组织要在激烈的市场竞争中生存和发展,就更加要注意遵守合作组织的基本原则,遵循合作组织的发展规律,通过借鉴发达国家的成功经验,在发展过程中注重制度创新。本文较为系统地介绍和分析了农民合作经济组织的相关制度经济学理论,包括产权制度,制度变迁与创新,激励与机制设计理论,制度绩效等。以及通过对湖南省农民合作组织的抽样调查,从实践方面,进一步比较研究了我国东中部地区农民合作需求意愿,总结了当前湖南省农民合作组织存在的主要问题,并通过介绍美国、日本农民合作组织的成功经验,提出了有益的借鉴建议。通过分析发现:(1)农民合作经济组织的产生有其必然逻辑。农民合作经济组织的产生属于制度变迁。而制度变迁的诱致因素是期望获取最大的潜在利润:获取规模经济;外部性利润内部化;抵御风险;降低交易费用。(2)合作经济组织制度创新要着眼于预期收益大于预期成本。农民合作经济组织作为一种制度创新,一个最基本的功能是节约,让一个或更多的经济人增进自身的福利而不使其他人的福利减少,或让更多的经济人在他们的预算约束下达到更高的目标水平。(3)合作组织产权界定是权衡其收益和成本后的博弈均衡。许多经济学家对合作社模糊界定的产权的批评虽然很有道理,但是也或多或少忽视了产权界定问题的另一方面,即产权界定的成本。(4)农民合作经济组织是公平和效率的平衡点。农民合作经济组织与股份公司相比确实效率低,但农民合作组织却最大程度上解决了公平问题。(5)组织必须设计适当的激励机制才能实现其公共利益。对于同一个预期目标,不同的经济机制设计,所达到的目标实现程度(机制效果)是不一样的。

　　【Abstract】 The late 1970s and early 1980s, all over the country promoting agricultura operation system, implementation of household contract responsibility system, economic reconstruction of the farmers. This system mobilizes the enthusiasm of farmers and creativity, liberation and development of rural productive forces. However, the implementation of the family contract system in China also formed a single small-scale farmers in production and management structure, to a certain extent, caused by excessive production and operation of the rural households and non-decentralized organization of the problem. Increase the degree of peasant organizations, rural economic organizations must rely on the innovation system. Operating system in the peasant family on the basis of the development of specialized cooperative economic organizations, is to cultivate the main competition in the market, solve the big market of small production and the conflict between effective way to enhance the degree of peasant organizations, promote agricultural industrialization and modernization process in important ways . However, compared with developed countries, China’s rural cooperative economic organizations still in the initial stage, organizations strength is not strong, non-standard operation, the operating mechanism is not perfect, far from playing its due organizational advantages. China’s rural cooperative economic organizations in the fierce market competition in the survival and development, more attention should be paid to comply with the basic principles of cooperative organizations, to follow the development of the organization, through the successful experience from developed countries, in the process of development-oriented system innovation.In this paper, more systematic description and analysis of the rural cooperative economic organizations related to the economic theory system, including the system of property rights, institutional change and innovation, incentive and mechanism design theory, system performance, and so on. Hunan farmers as well as through the sample survey of the organization, from practice, further comparative study of the East Central China’s farmers will demand cooperation, sum up the current Hunan rural cooperative organizations the main problems, and introduced by the United States, Japan rural cooperative The successful experiences of organizations, to draw on the useful suggestions.Through analysis found that: (1) rural cooperative economic organizations are bound to have a logic. Rural cooperative economic organization belonging to the selection of system changes. The system changes induced factors, we hope to maximize the potential profits: access to economies of scale; external and internal profits; withstand risks; reduce transaction costs. (2) cooperative economic organizations system innovation, we should focus on the expected return is greater than expected costs. Rural cooperative economic organizations as a system of innovation, a most basic function is to save for one or more people enhance their own economic welfare rather than to reduce the welfare of others, or the economy so that more people in their budget Constraints to a higher level of the target. (3) Cooperation Organization define property rights is weighed against its revenues and costs after the game balanced. Many economists define the fuzzy on the cooperative property rights despite the criticism justified, but also more or less ignored the issue of the definition of property rights on the other hand, define property rights costs. (4) of rural cooperative economic organizations are fair and efficient point of balance. Rural cooperative economic organizations and joint-stock companies than do low efficiency, but the rural cooperative organizations have maximum extent possible to resolve the question of equity. (5) organization must design an appropriate incentive mechanism to achieve their public interest. For the same targets, different economic mechanism design, by the achievement of the objective (mechanism effect) is not the same.

　　【关键词】 农民合作经济组织； 制度； 产权； 机制设计；

　　【Key words】 rural cooperative economic organizations； sestem； Property Rights； Mechanism Design；