【摘要】 农民专业合作社经历了十几年的快速发展,还没有走出初始发育阶段,面临着数重困惑。因此,我们需要在比较农民专业合作社与农业生产合作社的基础上,对农民专业合作社进行专门研究。恩格斯认为,农业合作社把小农联合起来,使他们在资本主义大生产条件下能够生存和发展,农业合作社的发展依循的是“通过示范和为此提供社会帮助”。列宁认为,在粮食税法令施行之后,农业合作社能够把农民的小经济联合起来过渡到社会主义的大生产,欲要将人数众多的农民在自愿的基础上联合成农业合作社,就先要把文化工作做好。恩格斯、列宁的农业合作社思想为我国当前的农民专业合作社实践提供了很好的启示。从1951年到1957年,我国农业合作化运动中的农业生产合作组织,经历了从互助组到初级社,再到高级社的组织形式演变。发展农业生产合作组织的合理性主要在于三个方面:在前期取得了积极效果,在当时有其客观需要性,从互助组到初级社再到高级社的制度演变具有内在合理性。而局限体现在三个方面:超越当时的生产力水平以追求速度与规模,对自愿原则的遵循不够一贯,一定程度上忽视了个体农户家庭经营方式的合理性。从1994年到90年代末是我国农民专业合作社的起步阶段,从2000年至今,可以说是我国农民专业合作社的引导和加速阶段。农民专业合作社产生发展的前提条件在于:社会主义市场经济体制,农业生产的商品化程度比较高、区域专业化程度比较高,以及来自外部的各种支持。当前农民专业合作社的合作方式主要有出资型合作与会员制合作。农民专业合作社与农业生产合作社的区别主要体现在产生的背景、组织者与核心的制度安排三个方面。我国《农民专业合作社法》的基本特点是:覆盖范围窄,注册门槛低、债务责任小,劳动收益与资本收益相统一,主体自治与法律规制相协调。完善我国农民专业合作社的制度规范:一是限定最低资本金,二是切实加强外部监管,三是做好合作社教育。法国农业合作社的制度规范主要体现在其法律地位、运行机制、政府对合作社的监督与管理三个方面。美国农民新一代合作社的制度规范主要体现在其生产、所有权和管理三个方面。农民专业合作社作为我国发展农村经济的正确选择,体现在三个方面:是对我国农村经营体制的进一步完善,是引领农民参与市场竞争的现代农业经营组织,是促进农村和谐社会构建的组织基础。

　　【Abstract】 Farmers’specialized cooperatives experienced 10 years of rapid development; there is no out of the initial developmental stage, faced with a few heavy confusions. Therefore, we need to compare the farmers’specialized cooperatives and agricultural production cooperatives, based on specialized research of the professional farmers’cooperatives.Engels argued that agricultural cooperatives unite small farmers together so that they can under the conditions of mass production of capitalism to survive and develop; the development of agricultural cooperatives follows this principle that is "through the demonstration and to provide social assistance". Lenin believed that after the implementation of the food tax the agricultural cooperatives can unite farmers’small economies to a socialist large-scale production, if people wish to encourage large numbers of farmers to join into agricultural cooperatives on a voluntary basis, they first need to do cultural work well. Engels, Lenin’s idea of agricultural cooperatives provides a good insight on current practice of China’s farmers’professional cooperatives. From 1951 to 1957, the agricultural production cooperative organizations in China’s agricultural co-operative movement had experienced evolution of organization from mutual aid groups to the primary cooperatives, to the advanced form of cooperatives. The rationality of developing agricultural production cooperative organizations are mainly in three aspects: achieving positive results at the early time, there is an objective necessity, the evolution of system from mutual aid teams to the primary cooperatives, to advanced form of cooperatives is inherently reasonable. The limitation is reflected in three aspects: Beyond the prevailing level of productivity in pursuit of speed and scale, the compliance of the principle of voluntary is not enough consistent, ignoring the rationality of management of the individual farmer.From 1994 to the late 90s is the initial stage of Chinese farmers’specialized cooperatives, from 2000 to date, which can be said that is the guidance and acceleration stage of our farmers’specialized cooperatives. The preconditions for generation and development of Farmers’specialized cooperatives are: the socialist market economic system, the commercialization level of agricultural production is relatively high, a relatively high degree of regional specialization, as well as all kinds of support from outside. The forms of cooperation of Current farmers’specialized cooperatives are mainly funded cooperation and membership-based cooperation. The difference between Farmers’specialized cooperatives and agricultural production cooperatives are mainly reflected in three aspects: the background, the organizer and the core institutional arrangements.The basic features of China’s "Farmers’specialized Cooperatives Act" are: low coverage, registration threshold is low; the debt liability is small, the unity of labor income and capital gains, the subject self-regulatory to harmonize with the law restrict. To improve the norms of farmers’specialized cooperatives: limit the minimum capital, effectively strengthen the external supervision and do co-operative education well. The system standards of France’s agricultural cooperatives are mainly embodied in three aspects: their legal status, operational mechanism, the Government’s supervision and management of cooperatives. The system standards of U.S. farmers’new generation cooperatives are mainly embodied in three areas: their production, ownership and management. Farmers’specialized cooperatives as the correct choice to develop the rural economy in China is embodied in three aspects: is to further improve the operating system of China’s rural areas, as the business organization of modern agriculture to lead the peasants to participate in market competition, and as the organizational foundation for promoting the rural areas to build a harmonious society.

　　【关键词】 农业生产合作社； 农民专业合作社； 个体农户； 制度规范；

　　【Key words】 Agricultural production cooperatives； Farmers’specialized cooperatives； Individual farmers； System standards；