【摘要】 20 世纪 80 年代以来,随着人民公社的终结和以家庭承包经营为核心的农村改革的全面推进与不断完善,我国农业商品经济和市场经济获得了快速发展。适应农业商品经济和市场经济的发展,传统的农业流通合作组织——供销合作社——开始改制转型,各种新生的农业流通领域合作组织大量涌现。但从全国范围来看,由于(如第 8 章将要详述的)外部缺乏有利的制度环境、内部缺乏有效的制度约束,农业流通领域合作组织总体改革与发展速度缓慢,地区发展不平衡,在促进农业、农村经济发展中发挥的作用还很有限,还远不能满足农户生产经营活动的需要。针对这种情况,国内理论界对农业流通领域合作组织进行了一些的研究,并取得了一些的成果,但对市场经济条件下农业流通领域合作组织发展还缺乏专门化、系统化的研究,以至于对农业流通合作的发展形成了一定的制约作用。本文拟在充分吸收前人已有的研究成果、发掘现有历史与统计资料的价值的基础上,从历史唯物主义与新古典经济学、新制度经济学相结合的角度,从理论与实践(包括国际、国内)两个方面对农业流通领域合作组织产生和发展的经济条件、制度环境(政府作用与文化环境)、内部制度约束及其价值和原则的辨证性、发展模式与组织形式的多元性等作一系统考察,并在此基础上提出当前推进我国农业流通领域合作组织发展的思路。本文除导论外,循着从抽象到具体,从一般到特殊,从国外到国内的逻辑顺序,分理论分析、国外模式、国内的发展三个部分展开,共八章。导论,即引论,包括提出问题、研究视角与方法的选择、基本框架及主要观点。第一部分即第 2、3 章,理论分析。在这一部分,文章循着从一2般(合作社组织)到特殊(农业流通领域合作组织)的逻辑顺序展开 。第 2 章,合作社组织基本理论。文章首先对国内外合作社组织诸理论流派及其新发展进行了简要回顾;在此基础上,文章系统分析了合作社组织的性质(包括合作社组织的定义、价值和原则)及形式。关于合作社组织的定义,文章首先指出:由于合作社组织的多样性、合作社思想的多元化,人们很难达成共识,目前相对认同的、也是最权威的定义是 “95?宣言”①的定义。然后根据这一定义分析了合作社组织的基本特点,得出了以下结论:合作社组织是一种企业组织,其制度特征是人们自愿联合、联合所有和民主控制;其经营的主要目的是满足成员共同的经济和社会需要。关于合作社组织的价值和原则,文章着重介绍或分析了“95?宣言”对价值的最新概括、原则的历史变迁及其与合作运动的关系,揭示了合作社组织的价值和原则的辨证性以及由此决定的合作社组织发展模式的多样性,强调了对待合作社组织价值和原则的科学态度——在合作运动中坚持和发展合作社组织的价值和原则——以及坚持合作社发展模式的多样性,走符合自己特点(自身特定的经济、政治、文化环境和需要)的发展道路这一合作社组织发展的基本规律。为增进对合作社组织性质的理解,文章接下来还对合作社组织与一般的商业性企业、集体经济组织作了比较,指出:合作社组织是一种企业组织,具有企业的一般特征(以分工协作为基础、严格的集中化管理、经营性、追求效率、效益),但由其特殊的价值和制度安排决定,又不同于一般的商业性企业;合作社组织具有集体经济的性质,但又与不同于一般的集体经济组织,与一般的集体经济组织存在着显著的差异。人合、联合所有、民主控制、盈余主要按交易量分配、以为社员服务为主要目的是合作社组织的基本特征,是其区别于其它组织最根本的标志。关于合作社组织的组织形式,文章指出,由人们的需要是多方面的、不断发展的决定,合作社组织形式是多种多样的、不断发展的。① 1995 年 9 月在曼彻斯特举行的“国际合作社联盟 100 周年代表大会”通过的“关于合作社特征的宣言”。3文章还从组织领域、组建方式、组织体系几个方面对合作社组织的具体形式进行了划分。第 3 章,农业流通领域合作组织的一个分析框架,主要包括产生和发展的经济动因(实现农业流通环节的规模化经营、谋求市场均衡)、持续成长并广泛发展内因(组织优势)、制度环境(政府作用、合作文化)等内容。关于农业流通领域合作组织产生和发展的经济动因,文章从农业商品经济出发,用两节的篇幅分别从专业化分工和规模经济、市场均衡和市场竞争效率两个方面,对其进行了细致而完整的解释,得出了以下结论:①农业流通领域合作组织是农业商品经济发展到一定高度的产物,随着农业商品经济的发展,当从事农业生产为主的农户(或家庭农场)继续兼营农业流通活动规模不经济时,当他们组织起来与工商企业抗衡的预期收益大于预期成本时,追求效用的他们就会选择合作。②农业流通领域合作组织产生和发展的经济动因和目的是:实现农业流通环节的规模化经营,以节约流通费用,降低流通成本;与从事农业流通的工商企业抗衡,谋求市场力量均衡,以获得好的农用物品和农产品价格,并提高市场竞争效率。关于农业流通领域合作组织持续成长并广泛发展的内因,文章从现代企业制度的特点及其好处出发,从与农业生产合作组织、社区性集体经济组织的比较中揭示?

【Abstract】 Since 1980s, as the People’s Commune came to an end and thereform in the rural area centered upon Domestic Contract Managementgained extensive promotion and continuous development, the agriculturalcommodity economy and the market economy has achieved rapiddevelopment. In order to adapt to such a situation, the traditionalAgricultural Circulating Cooperative Organization – Supply and SellingCooperative – started to transform, and quantities of newly-bornAgricultural Circulating Cooperative Organizations emerged out.However, viewing from the countrywide, the overall reform anddevelopment speed of the Agricultural Circulating CooperativeOrganizations is slow due to lack of institutional circumstances externallyand shortage of efficient institutional constraint internally (see details inChapter 8). Meanwhile, the development of Agricultural CirculatingCooperative Organizations is unbalanced in different areas and thefunction thereof is still limited to promote the development of theagriculture and agricultural economy. Therefore, the current AgriculturalCirculating Cooperative Organizations is far behind the need to meet therequirements for production activities of the farmers. Knowing this situation, some studies on Agricultural CirculatingCooperative Organization have been carried out by the domestictheoretical circle with relevant achievements made. Nevertheless, therelack still specialized and systematic research on Agricultural CirculatingCooperative Organizations under the market economy, which bringscertain constraint upon development of the Agricultural CirculatingCooperative Organization in our country. Based upon current research results by the forerunners andexcavation of values of existing history data and statistics, this papermakes a systematical investigation upon the economic conditions,institutional circumstances (government’s role and culturalcircumstances), internal system constraints together with the dialectics oftheir values and principles, and the variety of development modes and theorganizational forms etc. from the point of historical materialism,neoclassic economics and new institutional economics, covering both thetheoretical and practical aspects. Based up such an investigation, thispaper puts forward further the idea for development of the AgriculturalCirculating Cooperative Organization in today’s China. Other than the introduction, this paper follows the logic order fromabstraction to concreteness, from general to specific and from abroad tohome, including three sections as theoretical analysis, internationalpractice and domestic development, which are categorized into 8chapters. The Introduction includes questions, selection of views and methodsfor study, basic frame and main viewpoints. Section Ⅰ, the theoretical analysis, includes Chapter 2 and Chapter 3.Chapter 2, the basic theory of Cooperative Organization, analyzessystematically the property (including the definition, value and principlesof the Cooperative Organization) and forms of the CooperativeOrganization, with a brief review of the theoretical studies on theCooperative Organization both at home and abroad. Based upon Chapter2, Chapter 3 brings forward a analytical frame for the AgriculturalCirculating Cooperative Organization, including mainly the economicpower (realization of scaled operation in agricultural chains and pursuit ofthe market equilibrium), the internal causes (organizational advantages)and institutional circumstances (governmental functions and cooperativeculture) etc. for formation and development of the AgriculturalCirculating Cooperative Organization. Based upon the theoretical analysis in Section I and throughinvestigation and comparative study upon the changes and features of theAgricultural Circulating Cooperative Organizations in France, Americaand Japan (three types of development modes (European Mode,American-Oceanian Mode and the Typical Asian Mode), Section II, i.e.,Chapter 4, analyzes the development trend, institutional choices andcommon characteristics of the foreign Agricultural

【关键词】 农业流通领域合作组织； 供销社； 专业合作组织；

【Key words】 Agricultural Circulating Cooperative Organization； Supply and Selling Cooperative； Special Cooperative Organization；