【摘要】自二十世纪80年代以来，中国政府在农村建立并不断稳固和完善家庭联产承包责任制，家庭联产承包责任制使农业生产和农村经济得以蓬勃发展，广大农村地区逐渐摘掉贫困落后的帽子，走上富裕的道路，中国因此创造了令世人瞩目的用世界上7%的土地养活世界上22%人口的奇迹。

　　家庭承包经营制度之所以在二十世纪末产生巨大的积极作用，是基于当时全国农业发展水平比较低，主要是手工劳动，不适合大规模经营的状况，将经营的单位划小到家庭，同手工劳动的生产水平相适应。

　　随着经济技术的快速发展，机械和新技术在农业生产中得以广泛应用，农业生产需要规模化、集约化，农村家庭承包经营制度已呈现出许多问题，比较普遍和明显的是：一是农户土地经营规模小。自实行家庭承包责任制以来，我国农村土地基本上按现有人口平均分配，把整块土地分割成许多小块分户经营，田埂、沟堰占了不少耕地。由于耕地面积狭小，农民还在沿用传统手工劳动工具，机械化大生产既不合算，也不可能，生产效益低下。这既不利于农业生产规模的扩大，也不利于分工的发展，更不利于农业技术的进步。超小规模的家庭经营使中国农村经济带有浓厚的小农经济色彩，使我国农业生产长期滞留在半自给自足的自然经济阶段，导致农产品成本过高，缺乏市场竞争力，经济效率低下。随着中国加入WTO，外国农产品凭借其价格优势大举进入中国市场，中国农业将由于自身的低效率而受到强烈冲击，农业发展面临更大的挑战。二是阻碍土地资源市场配置。家庭承包责任制对土地使用权的划分，使农民对所承包的土地产生了恋土情节，农民不仅把集体所有的土地作为解决生活资料的来源，而且当作应付从事不稳定的非农产业带来的风险的一种手段。加上土地对农民的就业保障、生活福利保障和伤病养老保障等功能，许多农民即使已经从事了非农产业也不愿放弃土地占有权，宁愿粗放经营或抛荒。目前，我国大多数农户经营的土地面积在0.5公顷以下，而世界上中等收入以上的国家平均每个生产单位的面积是76.5公顷。我国人均农用地资源高度缺乏，而一些种田能手也为取得规模效益而希望得到更多的土地。换句话说，承包制使许多农民不能真正离开土地，安心从事非农产业；另一方面，又使得安心从事农业生产的农户不能通过扩大生产面积取得规模效益。因此，承包制既阻碍了广大农民真正从土地上解脱出来，又阻碍了农业的规模化、集约化经营。

　　在当前农村家庭承包经营制度不会发生根本性变化的情况下，农民专业合作社是促进农业生产服务专业化、经营集约化、产品标准化和农业产业化的一种有效方式。

　　农民专业合作社是在农村家庭承包经营基础上，同类农产品的生产经营者或者同类农业生产经营服务的提供者、利用者，自愿联合、民主管理的互助性经济组织。农民专业合作社围绕农民的生产活动和农村的经济发展提供社会化的服务，推动小规模经营与大市场的紧密对接，在市场经济的条件下发挥着极其重要的作用。信阳市作为河南省农村改革发展综合试验区，在改革探索的实践中，大力发展各类农民专业合作社，把千家万户的分散经营变为有组织的联合经营，促进了现代农业发展，拓宽了农民增收之路。截止2011年6月，信阳市已发展各类农民专业合作社4211家，数量位居全省首位，入社农户69万户，占农户总数的42%。调查分析信阳市农民专业合作社现状，对其进一步发展提升提出科学建议，对信阳市农业现代化发展具有十分重要的现实意义。

　　本文主要对信阳市农民专业合作社发展的基本情况、专业合作产生的效应、发展中存在的问题与不足进行深入细致的调查研究。

　　本文旨在通过对信阳市农民专业合作社现状的分析，提出深化农民专业合作社发展的合理性建议，以进一步推动农业内部结构的调整、加快农业科技成果的推广应用、提高农民的组织化程度和收入水平、促进农业产业化经营。

　　【Abstract】Since the 1980s,Chinese government to establish and continue strong and improve the household contract responsibility system in rural,The household contract responsibility system in agricultural production and rural economy flourish,The vast rural areas gradually cast off poverty and backwardness of the hat and embark on the road to prosperity,thus china creating a miracle astonished the world with 7% of the world's land to feed 22% of the world's population.

　　Reason why the household contract management system to have a tremendous positive effect at the end of the twentieth century, is based on the national agricultural development level is relatively low, mainly manual labor, is not suitable for large-scale operating conditions, operating units designated to the family, with the manualadapt to the level of production of labor.

　　With the rapid development of economic and technological, mechanical, and new technology can be widely used in agricultural production, agricultural production requires large-scale, intensive, rural household contract management system has emerged in many of the problems, more common and obvious: First, farmerssmall-scale land management.Since the implementation of the household contract responsibility system, China's rural land is essentially evenly distributed according to the existing population of the entire land is divided into many small pieces of household operations, ridge, trench weir accounted for a lot of arable land.The small area of arable land, farmers still follow the traditional manual labor tools, mechanized large-scale production to be uneconomical, it is impossible, low production efficiency. This is neither conducive to the expansion of the scale of agricultural production, is not conducive to the development of the division of labor, is not conducive to the advancement of agricultural technology.The small, family-run China's rural economy with a strong color of the peasant economy, our agricultural production and long-term stay in semi-self-sufficient economy phase, leading to high cost of agricultural products, the lack of market competitiveness, and economic inefficiencies.With China's accession to the WTO, foreign agricultural products enter the Chinese market on a large scale by virtue of its price advantage, China's agriculture will be due to low efficiency and have a strong impact, agricultural development is more of a challenge.Second to hinder land resources, market allocation. Division of the household contract responsibility system for land use rights, farmers' contracted land Love soil plot, farmers not only collectively owned land as the source address of subsistence, and as the non-agricultural industries to cope engaged unstable with to the risk of a means.Coupled with the function of the land to farmers, employment security, welfare and security of life and injuries old-age security, many farmers have been engaged in non-agricultural industries are also reluctant to give up land tenure, rather extensive operation or abandoned.At present, the majority of our farmers' management of the land area of 0.5 hectares, more than the middle-income countries in the world per unit of production area is 76.5 hectares.China's per capita agricultural land resources, a high degree of lack of some farming experts hope to get more land to achieve economies of scale.In other words, the contract system, many farmers can not really leave the land, and peace of mind in non-agricultural industries; the other hand, makes peace of mind to farmers engaged in agricultural production can not expand the production area to achieve economies of scale.Therefore, the contract system only hinder the broad masses of peasants truly freed from the land, has hindered the scale of agriculture and intensive management.

　　In the case of the rural household contract management system will be no fundamental change, farmers' professional cooperatives are to promote specialization of agricultural production, services, management intensive, product standardization and industrialization of agriculture is an effective way.

　　The farmers' professional cooperatives in the rural household contract management on the basis of similar agricultural production operators, or similar agricultural production and management services provider, the use of voluntary association, democratic management of the mutual economic organizations.Specialized farmer cooperatives around the production activities of farmers and rural economic development to provide social service, and promote small business and large market close docking, play an extremely important role in market economy conditions.Xinyang City, Henan Province, rural reform, development of a comprehensive experimental zone in the practice of Reform, vigorously develop various types of specialized farmer cooperatives, the decentralized management of thousands of families into a joint venture organized to promote the development of modern agriculture, broadening thefarmers' income the road.As of June 2011, Xinyang City has developed various types of specialized farmer cooperatives 4211, the number of the province ranked first, join a company 690 000 farmers, accounting for 42% of the total number of farmers. Investigation of Xinyang City farmers' professional cooperatives status quo, and its fiirther development to enhance the scientific advice on the development of agricultural modernization in Xinyang City has a very important practical significance.

　　In this paper, the development of specialized farmer cooperatives in Xinyang City, professional cooperation to produce the effect of the problems in the development and the lack of depth and detailed research.

　　This article aims to reasonable proposals to deepen the development of specialized farmer cooperatives, to further promote the adjustment of agricultural structure, accelerate the popularization and application of agricultural scientific and technological achievements, improve the degree of organization and income of farmers through the analysis of the status quo of Xinyang City, farmers' professional cooperativeslevels, and promote the industrialized operation of agriculture.

　　【关键词】信阳市；农民专业合作社；发展

　　【Key words】 Xinyang City; farmers' professional cooperatives; development