【摘要】 近年来,“三农”问题一直是国家经济政策中要抓的重点,而与农村、农民、农业都息息相关的农民专业合作社的发展也受到了国家及社会的关注,但是尽管各级政府有心扶持,可是各地的农民专业合作社的发展却并不尽如人意,其中一个主要方面的原因就是融资问题。资金短缺是各地农民专业合作社发展面临的一个普遍问题,在没有资金支持情况下,要发展农民专业合作社,成效微乎其微。因而解决农民专业合作社的融资问题,是发展农民专业合作社的必要前提。

　　本文从农民专业合作社融资困境的基本特征开始,根据各省市的相关数据,得出近年来各地农民专业合作社融资困境的基本特征,首先是自身角度。股本少,需求多。很多地区农民专业合作社社员在初始加入农民专业合作社时,一般都只缴纳少量的入股金,并且社员可以自由退社,致使初始资金不足不稳定,初始资金的不足引发融资需求,有不少数据反映出农民融资需求强烈。其次是银行角度。条件严,贷款难。解决融资需求一般从银行系统寻找出路,可是我国农民专业合作社面对的是不健全的金融环境。从五大行商业化经营以后,对于农业产业,由于其期限长,效益低,往往不愿意贷出款项扶持它的发展,股份制商业银行承担的责任更少,根据安徽省统计局发布的相关数据，2009年农业从国有银行及股份制银行获得的短期贷款总共约占1.3%，农业融资主要依赖农村信用社、农村商业银行以及农村合作银行。虽然这三类银行近几年有发展迅速的趋势，尤其农村商业银行及合作银行，但是由于仍处于初期发展阶段，网点在农村地区并不普及，且农民专业合作社往往难以满足其贷款条件，因而造成农民专业合作社存在融资困境。最后是民间角度。成本高，风险大。民间借贷由于没有一个规范的市场，也没有一个系统的约束机制、监督机制，因而操作混乱，存在利率高、风险大的问题，而很多农民专业合作社经营效益并不乐观，无力承担这样的高利率和高风险。

　　根据农民专业合作社融资困境的基本特征以及融资困境的限制因素，分析得出农民专业合作社融资困境存在的主要原因，造成农民专业合作社融资困境有两大方面原因，内部原因和外部原因。其中内部原因是指合作社自身的原因，合作社制度的不完善、抵押物的不足、"身份"的不明朗、效益的不景气等，是合作社难以融入资金的主要原因；而外部原因主要有农民专业合作社依附的农业产业的局限、政府支持有效性的不足、金融体制的缺陷等，造成农民专业合作社外部融资困难。这两方面原因共同导致农民专业合作社融资困境。

　　本文根据国内外一些成功的农民合作社案例，再对比我国农民专业合作社自身情况，总结了其中可借鉴的融资经验。我国农民专业合作社融资问题的解决离不开农民专业合作社自身初始资金的带动，离不开政府的帮助，离不幵金融系统的支持。农民专业合作社社员的入股金是合作社正常运营的基础，也是融资的基础；而政府从法律、政策、资金等方面的支持对于农民专业合作社的发展是必不可少的，有了政府方面的支持，农民专业合作社的根基力量才能稳固；金融系统是农民专业合作社融资的直接途径，一般的融资问题也都离不开金融系统的支持，因而农民专业合作社必须依托金融系统来解决其融资问题，这是最直接最有效的方式。这其中金融支持包含了两种涵义，一是外界金融机构的支持，正规金融机构以及民间金融组织；二是本合作社成立资金互助组织的支持，这两种方式都是有效解决农民专业合作社融资困境的良好方式。

　　根据以上经验，本文从外部和内部两大方面提出了一些可实现的解决路径，包括政府具体支持措施、金融系统具体配合措施、合作社自身完善措施等。

　　本文的大致框架如下：从农民专业合作社融资困境基本特征及融资限制出发，分析农民专业合作社融资困境的成因，在借鉴国内外经验的基础上，提出解决农民专业合作社融资困境的几点建议，以期望能为农民专业合作社融资问题的解决提供绵薄之力，为农村的发展做出一点贡献。

　　【Abstract】In recent years, the "three rural" problem has been the focus of national economic policies to get in, and closely related to the countryside, farmers, agricultural development, farmers' professional cooperative has also been the concern of the State and society, but despite government support at all levels, around the development of farmer professional cooperative, however, is not satisfactory, one of the main reasons is the question of financing. All over the shortage of funds is a general problem facing the development of farmer professional cooperative, in the absence of funding support cases, farmers ， cooperatives' success was minimal. Financing problems of peasant professional cooperative is a necessary prerequisite to the development of farmer professional cooperative.

　　This article began with the basic characteristics of farmers' professional cooperative financing difficulties, according to the relevant data in different provinces, concluded that farmers' cooperatives in recent years around the financing of basic features. First of all, less equity, Needs more. Farmer cooperatives in many areas in the original when it joined the farmers ' cooperatives, generally only pay a small amount in the share capital, and members are free to return, resulting in initial flinding instability, lack of initial funds raised financing needs, there is a lot of data reflecting the financing needs of farmers strongly. Second, strict conditions and loan difficulty. Addressing funding needs to find a way out of the banking system in general, but farmers ， cooperatives in the face is not a sound financial environment. After five state banks work on commercial business. They would not like to support agricultural industry, due to its period long, benefit low. They often does not willing to loan out money, joint-stock commercial banks take less responsibility. Under Anhui Province statistics publishing of related data, in 2009, agriculture from State Bank and the joint-stock Bank get short-term loan is about 1.3%. Agricultural financing main rely on rural credit union, and rural commercial banks and rural cooperation bank. Although these three types of trends in banking has developed rapidly in recent years, particularly rural banks and cooperative banks, but because in they are still at an early stage of development, is not popular in rural areas, and farmers ' cooperatives are often difficult to meet its loan conditions, thereby causing farmer professional cooperative financing problems still exist. Last is a civil perspective. High cost, high risk. Private lending is not a regulated market or a system of constraint mechanisms, oversight mechanisms, operation chaos, there is a risk of higher interest rates, big problems, and lots of peasant professional cooperative management benefit not optimistic and cannot afford such a high interest rate and high risk.

　　According to the basic characteristics of peasant professional cooperative financing difficulties and constraints, analyze the major causes of peasant professional cooperative financing difficulties. Peasant professional cooperative financial problems have two main reasons, internal and external reasons. Internal refers to the cooperatives themselves, imperfections of the cooperative system, lack of collateral, "identity" are unclear, benefit of the downturn, are the main difficulties for cooperatives to integrate into the capital; These two reasons make farmers ' cooperatives financial problems.

　　This article according to some successful cases of farmers 1 cooperatives at home and abroad, contrast China farmer professional cooperative situation, summarizes the reference of finance experience. China farmer professional cooperative is indispensable to resolve the financial problem without the government's help and financial support. The initial capital is the basis of cooperative operations, and also financing basis; Government support is essential for the development of farmer professional cooperative, with government support, the foundation and strength of farmers ' cooperatives will secure; Financial systems is a direct way of peasant professional cooperative financing, financing also need financial support, farmers ' cooperatives must rely on the financial system to solve its financing problems, this is the most direct and effective way. This financial support is included with the two kinds of meaning, first, the external support of financial institutions, formal financial institutions and non-government financial organizations; Another is a cooperative set up mutual support funds, which way is the best way to effectively address the financing predicament of farmer specialized cooperative.

　　Based on the above experience, both external and internal aspects of this article made a number of solutions can be realized, including specific support measures, specific measures of the financial system, the cooperative's own perfection.

　　This general framework is this: from farmer's specialized cooperative financing and financing restrictions set out the basic characteristics and analysis of peasant professional cooperative financing difficulties, on the basis of domestic and foreign experience for reference, made several suggestions of peasant professional cooperative financing difficulties, and hope for the solution of peasant professional cooperative financing problems can be successful, then I can offer a little contribution to rural development.

　　【关键词】 农民； 合作社； 融资； 途径；

　　【Key words】Farmers ；cooperative ；financial ；ways