【摘要】 发展农业促进农村经济发展是建设社会主义新农村的重要课题，从制度的角度来说，农业产业化经营是我国新农村建设的第三次制度革命。在整个农业产业化经营中最为关键的农业产业化龙头企业表现出了强大的辐射带动作用。农业产业化龙头企业发展的内外部环境分析及其战略研究将对农业产业化龙头企业的发展产生深远的影响，对我国新农村的建设、农业产业化进程的推进及“三农”问题的解决具有重大的现实意义。基于以上背景，本文对我国农业产业化龙头企业的发展战略进行了系统分析。在对我国农业产业化龙头企业的发展现状及经营绩效进行评价的基础上，重点对农业产业化龙头企业的发展政策、龙头企业与农户间的博弈关系以及龙头企业的农业科技推广战略进行了系统分析，并得出以下研究结论：

　　农业产业化龙头企业在促进农业科技创新进步、开拓国际农产品市场、加强农产品在国际竞争中的自我保护产生了显著的积极影响；同时也存在地域间发展不平衡、政府对龙头企业的扶持不规范、与农户的利益联结机制不完善、社会化服务体系不配套等问题。SWOT分析表明，农业产业化龙头企业发展的内部优势在于自然资源优势及丰富且廉价的劳动力资源优势，劣势在于品牌、技术、资金、管理中存在的不足，发展机会主要体现在产业发展政策、经济全球化机遇及信息化发展契机的积极影响，发展的威胁则主要有国外农产品冲击、绿色贸易壁垒、政策不稳定性等。通过构建经营绩效评价体系，发现我国农业产业化龙头企业发展呈现以下特征：东部地区重点龙头企业数量较多，中部和西部地区重点龙头企业数量相对较少；企业规模较大，经营能力较强，发展前景良好；为劳动力就业、“三农”建设以及社会公共建设做出了重要贡献；发展多存在不均衡性；大部分农业产业化龙头企业科研经费投入较少，科研能力较差，在一定程度上抑制了自身的发展壮大。

　　农业产业化龙头企业的发展需要相应的政府扶持发展政策，原因在于龙头企业市场性目标和公益性目标冲突的解决是政策扶持的目的；龙头企业在农业产业化经营中的作用是政策扶持的动力；龙头企业自身发展的需要是政策扶持的出发点；扶持农业企业是世界各国的通行做法。我国农业产业化龙头企业发展扶持政策发展至今主要经过了引导和起步阶段、突出重点扶持阶段、明确具体措施阶段，具体的扶持政策主要体现在税收优惠、金融政策、财政补贴政策、财政专项扶持资金政策等四个方面。在发展扶持政策的影响下，农业产业化龙头企业不断发展壮大、龙头企业社会责任感不断增强。但在扶持过程中产生了扶持与干预并存、过度保护、寻租行为、利益流向不明确、利益联结机制不稳固等诸多问题，影响了农业产业化企业的高效发展。

　　农业产业化发展过程中，“龙头企业+农户”的经营模式以外部组织的规模收益相对有效地解决了小农经营的内部规模不经济问题，因而具有较强的内在合理性。就其具体模式而言，“互惠契约”关系和“出资参股”关系与现代企业制度中的契约与所有权一体化趋势相一致，是最常见和最具代表性的结合方式。“龙头企业+农户”交易经历了即期式交易模式与远期式交易模式两种演变模式，现阶段运行中主要面临建立稳定的契约关系与契约不完全、建立利益共享机制与利益不一致性、建立风险共担机制与风险易于转嫁等矛盾。在对完全及不完全信息条件下可行契约及最优契约特征分析的基础上，对影响农户参与龙头企业契约的机会主义行为、“敲竹竿”行为、规范契约条款成本等因素进行了分析；并分别对农户与龙头企业在履行契约时，在违约金不为零时双方在完全信息下的静态博弈及在违约金不为零时双方在非完全信息下的静态博弈进行了系统分析。在此基础上构建了新型“龙头企业+农户+期货”经营模式。

　　对农业产业化龙头企业科技推广战略的分析表明：农业产业化龙头企业主导的农技推广体系具有节约交易成本、提高推广效率、提升推广针对性等优势，同时也面临农民素质较低、技术自身特征、基础设施较弱、机会主义和道德风险等因素的制约。因此农业产业化龙头企业主导型农技推广体系的构建需要遵循松散型“公司+农户”向紧密型“公司+农户”的方式过渡、要求更高效的政府支持以及农民需求导向等原则；其管理机制则要重视纵向一体化基础上的技术扩散、连锁经营基础上的技术扩散、知识溢出的规模经济和范围经济以及承担农业产业化龙头企业的社会责任；其运行的保障机制则主要体现在投入、组织及技术方面。

　　论文最后对现阶段我国农业产业化龙头企业的科技创新战略、信息化战略、联盟发展战略、“走出去”战略及可持续发展战略的运行模式、实践效果及存在问题进行了分析。在此基础上，提出我国农业产业化龙头企业未来发展战略应当坚持发展带动性、与时俱进与实事求是、科技创新、市场导向、多层次发展的原则，通过正确定位政府和企业家在龙头企业发展中的角色、规范、培育和壮大龙头企业和企业集群形成有效的产业带、完善龙头企业发展中的契约机制、树立和推进市场营销及创新意识、用金融思路扶持龙头企业发展、用“循环经济”理念促进龙头企业发展等具体战略的实施，实现我国农业产业化龙头企业的高效发展。

　　【Abstract】The development of agriculture to promote rural economic development is an important issue for building a new socialist countryside, from the perspective of the system, the industrial management of agriculture is the third of China's new rural construction of the Institutional Revolutionary. Throughout the industrialized operation of agriculture as a key agricultural industrialization leading enterprises showed a strong leading role of radiation. The development of agricultural industrialization leading enterprises within the external environment analysis and the development of the strategy will be the industrialization of agriculture leading enterprises has far-reaching impact on China's new rural construction, push forward the process of agricultural industrialization in China, China's "three rural" the solution to the problem of great practical significance. Based on the above background, the developments of leading enterprises of agricultural industrialization strategy were systematically analyzed. Game development policies focus on agricultural industrialization leading enterprises, leading enterprises and farmers, as well as leading enterprises in agricultural science and technology strategy for the system on the basis of the development status and operating performance of China's agricultural industrialization leading enterprises evaluate analysis, reached the following conclusions:

　　Leading enterprises had a significant positive impact on agricultural industrialization in the promotion of agricultural science and technology innovation, progress, and open up international markets for agricultural products, strengthen the agricultural products in the international competition in self-protection; there is also the development of an imbalance between the geographical, leading enterprises to support non-standard coupling mechanisms are inadequate, and the interests of farmers, the social service system was not complete and other issues. SWOT analysis show that the internal strengths of the leading enterprises of agricultural industrialization is the advantage of natural resources and abundant and cheap labor resources, strengths, weaknesses is the lack of brand, technology, capital, management, development opportunities mainly in the industrial development policy, economic positive impact on the opportunities of globalization and information technology development opportunities, the threat of development is mainly the impact of foreign agricultural products, green trade barriers, policy instability. By building a business performance evaluation system, the development of leading enterprises of agricultural industrialization in China show the following characteristics: a larger number of key leading enterprises in the eastern region, a relatively small number of key leading enterprise of the central and western regions; firm size, business ability, good prospects for development; for the labor force, the construction of "rural" as well as social and public construction has made important contributions; develop a multi-imbalance; most of the agricultural industrialization leading enterprises in research funding with less input, poor research capacity, to a certain extent inhibited its growth.

　　The development of agricultural industrialization leading enterprises need the government to support the development of policy, because the market goals of the leading enterprises and public service goals of conflict resolution is the purpose of the policy support; the role of leading enterprises in industrialized operation of agriculture is the driving force of policy support; leading enterprises of their own development needs is the starting point for policy support; support agricultural enterprises is the common practice of the countries in the world. The development of agricultural industrialization leading enterprises in China to support policy development has been mainly through the guide and the initial stage, focused support stage, the stage of specific measures, specific supporting policies embodied in the tax incentives, monetary policy, financial subsidies, and government from special funds to support four. Under the influence of the development of supportive policies, agricultural industrialization leading enterprises continued to grow and develop; leading corporate social responsibility is continually enhanced. Support and intervention in the support process co-exist easily lead to over-protection, rent-seeking behavior is difficult to avoid uncertainty and interest flows too many of the interests of the coupling mechanism is not strong, affecting the efficient development of agricultural industrialization enterprises.

　　The development process of agricultural industrialization leading enterprises + farmers "mode of operation to an external organization returns to scale is relatively effective solution to the problem of small farmers operating internal diseconomies of scale, and thus has a strong intrinsic rationality. Terms of their specific mode, consistent with contractual and ownership integration trends in the relationship of "mutual contract" and "investor shares" relationship with the modern enterprise system is the most common and most representative combination. "The leading enterprises + farmers" trading experience two kinds of evolution of the mode of spot trading patterns and long-term trading patterns, mainly face in this stage running to establish a stable contractual relationship and contract is not complete, the establishment of benefit-sharing mechanisms and benefits of inconsistency, Create a risk-sharing mechanisms and risk easy to pass on contradictions. Knock bamboo "behavior on the basis of complete and incomplete information under the conditions of feasible contracts and the optimal contract features affect farmers involved in the opportunistic behavior of the leading enterprises contract, specification of the cost of lease conditions and other factors were analyzed; and farmers and leading enterprises in the performance of the contract, liquidated damages is not zero under complete information static game, both liquidated damages is not zero, not entirely static game information system analysis. On this basis, build a new "leading enterprise + farmer + futures" business model.

　　Led by the agricultural industrialization leading enterprises of agricultural extension system has the advantage of saving transaction costs and improve the promotion of efficiency, enhance the promotion of targeted, but also face lower the quality of farmers, technical analysis of the agricultural industrialization leading enterprises in science and technology promotion strategy their own characteristics, weak infrastructure, opportunism and moral hazard factors. Construction of agricultural industrialization leading enterprise-oriented agricultural extension system, the need to follow a loose type of "company + farmers" close "company + farmers" transition, require more efficient government support, as well as farmers demand-oriented principles; its management mechanism will have to attach importance to the spread of vertical integration on the basis of the technology chain management based on technology diffusion, economies of scale and economies of scope of knowledge spillovers and undertake the social responsibility of the leading enterprises of agricultural industrialization; its operation of the protection mechanism is mainly reflected in the input , organizational and technical aspects.

　　Finally, at this stage of the industrialization of agriculture leading enterprises technological innovation strategy, information strategy, alliance development strategy of "going out" strategy and the strategy of sustainable development mode of operation, practice effects and problems are analyzed. On this basis, the strategy for future development of agricultural industrialization leading enterprises should adhere to promote the development of the times and seeking truth from facts, technological innovation, market-oriented, multi-level development principles, through the correct positioning of the government and entrepreneurs in leading enterprises the role in the development, standardization, and cultivate and grow leading businesses and business clusters to form an effective industrial zone, to improve the contractual mechanisms in the development of leading enterprises, to foster and promote the marketing and innovation awareness and support the development of leading enterprises with the development of financial ideas, with "circular economy" concept to promote the development of leading enterprises and the specific implementation of the strategy to achieve the efficient development of agricultural industrialization leading enterprises.

　　【关键词】 农业产业化； 龙头企业； 发展战略；

　　【Keyword】Industrialization of Agriculture; Leading Enterprises;Development strategy