【摘要】 农业现代化是从传统农业向现代化农业转变的过程，也是制度变革不断推进组织创新的过程。当前中国农业进入新的发展阶段，面临的城乡二元结构、土地产权问题等深层次制度性束缚凸显。随着工业化、城镇化快速推进，农村劳动力大量转移，未来“谁来种地”问题严峻。这种现象表明，实现现代农业要求的集约化、规模化、组织化、社会化生产，迫切需要建立起适合国情、适应市场规律、符合农业特征的制度体系，以此推动农业经营组织体系创新，早日实现中国特色农业现代化目标。

　　本文首先从理论出发，阐述了制度变迁与农业现代化组织创新的相关理论概念，提出制度对于农业组织创新的基础性、导向性作用。然后，通过梳理我国农业现代化经历的土地改革、家庭联产承包、农业产业化等制度变迁历程，总结出我国农业在制度不断扬弃变革中，解放农村生产力的同时，一些长期积累的制度缺陷加速了农业资源要素向城市的流失，阻碍了农业现代化发展。再次，探析了美国、日本和法国等发达国家的农业制度创新，并分析了对我国农业的启示。最后，结合我国国情提出推进农业现代化的制度创新路径：从制度层面着力改革，在坚持农村基本经营制度基础上，创新农业生产经营体制机制，通过完善土地制度、扶持农民专业合作组织、社会化服务体系等制度保障，建立起与农业现代化相适应的新型农业生产经营体系。

　　【Abstract】Agricultural modernization means not only transform from traditional agricultural to modern technological system, but also the innovation process of Institution. With rapid progress of industrialization and urbanization, large-scale of rural labor transferred to cities and non-agricultural areas, who is farming the land would be a growing problem in the future. To achieve Chinese agricultural modernization, We should not only learn successful experience from foreign countries, but also take full account of national conditions, socio-economic resources and other factors, We eagerly need to establish agricultural institutional system which is fit for country conditions and market economy rules so that to accelerate systematic innovation of the agriculture management organization.

　　The article started from elaborated theories, expounds related concepts in institutional change and organizational innovation of agricultural modernization, proposed that institute plays the basic and guiding role in agricultural modernization. Secondly the author made a detailed analysis on institution transformation with experience of land reform, people's communes, the household contract, agricultural industrialization in Chinese agricultural modernization. Draw a conclusion rural productive forces have got greatly liberation and development during constantly institution innovation. We got great inspiration from the modern agricultural innovation experience such as United States, Japan and France. In the last, the author proposed an institution innovation way to advance agricultural modernization according with Chinese national conditions. We should pay attention to accelerate the development of specialized farmer cooperatives and the system whereby various sectors of society provide services for agriculture, and raise the level of organization in agriculture.

　　【关键词】 制度； 农业现代化； 新型农业经营组织； 家庭经营；

　　【Key words】institution, agricultural modernization, new agricultural operation organization, household contract responsibility system