【摘要】 现有的农业竞争力研究范式是以农产品国际市场的自由化为前提，以各国农业发展为基础、以各国农产品出口的国际市场占有能力为主要考察指标的。这种源自以工业部门为主要考察对象的一般产业竞争力研究的理论范式，在解释各国农业生产与其国际竞争力关系时暴露出了一定的局限性。中国是一个农业大国，许多农产品产量在世界上名列前茅，但中国的农产品进出口却未能体现这种生产能力的优势。与此同时，随着入世保护期的结束，金融危机带来的全球经济衰退趋势也使得中国农产品面临着更加复杂的国际、国内环境。在上述背景下，科学评价中国农业竞争力意义尤为重大。

　　农业竞争力研究滥觞于国家竞争力研究，逐步从产业竞争力延伸而来。因而，其理论范式沿用了从工业部门视角形成的产业竞争力理论范式，而忽视了农业与工业在市场前提、市场需求、资源配置、生产过程、产品实现等领域存在着的显著的差异性。为此，农业竞争力研究的理论范式应做出调整。在综合评价已有产业竞争力、农业竞争力理论范式的基础上，我们提出了农业竞争力评价的理论范式。

　　我们认为，农业竞争力评价的理论前提应为地域的异质性、产业的异质性和受各国进出口政策制约的不完全市场；其内涵界定应为一国包括种植业、畜牧业、林业、渔业、养殖业在内的农业部门保障本国经济安全，在国际市场上比他国农业更多地占有、利用生产资源，实现产品价值，并由此提高该国现在及将来社会福利总体水平的能力；其影响因素应该包括生产资源、需求因素、相关支持产业、结构与竞争、政府政策；其评价体系应包括国家安全保障力、国际市场竞争力、可持续发展力三个方面。

　　依据上述理论范式，我们对中国农业发展历程、中国农业竞争力发展态势及其影响因素进行了梳理和理论分析。在此基础上，我们分别对中国农业竞争力的国家安全保障力、国际市场竞争力、可持续发展力进行了计量分析。分析结果表明，中国具备了稳定的国家安全保障力，在国内市场剩余较大、国际市场偏好相似性较强的农产品领域具有一定的国际竞争力，而可持续发展力则相对较弱。

　　虽然中国农业竞争力总体上是低下的，但就长期趋势而言，中国农业竞争力正处于一个长期发展的过程之中，而且目前所处的阶段应是快速提升的时期。在此背景下，当前造成中国农业竞争力相对低下、阻碍其快速提升的原因在于，国内农产品需求结构升级，人均土地、水资源匮乏，劳动力素质较低，农业科技相对落后，产品结构尚在低端，管理因素作用微弱，农民收入低、工业支持不足、社会服务薄弱等社会因素制约严重，土地家庭承包、财政补贴不足、贸易政策相对欠缺等诸多因素相互联系、相互作用。

　　为此，中国农业产业竞争力提升的战略目标是保障国家粮食安全、有效供给农副产品、促进农业可持续发展、提高农业市场竞争力。具体的政策措施应包括如下几个方面：第一，确保土地规模，大力促进土地流转，积极推进农业生产的规模化；第二，调整农产品价格政策，确保农产品价格有序提高；第三，推进农业生产的标准化，建设高效、优质、绿色农业；第四，积极推进农业产业化，构建新型农业社会服务体系；第五，强化工业部门对农业的服务职能，推进工业部门技术进步；第六，强化财政支农功能，支持农业竞争力快速提升。

　　【Abstract】Existing agricultural competitiveness research based on liberalization ofagricultural products in the international market , its main examine index is the basis ofthe national agricultural development and the agricultural exports ability in theinternational market .Taking industrial sector as the main investigation object, thegeneral theoretical paradigm of industrial competitiveness study has exposed somelimitations in the explanation of the relationship with agricultural production and itsinternational competitiveness. China is an agricultural country, many agriculturalproduction are among the best in the world, but the import and export of agriculturalproducts failed to reflect the advantage of this kind of production capacity. Meanwhile,the protection of China to WTO will terminate, the financial crisis, global economicrecession also makes China's agricultural products facing more complicatedinternational and domestic environment. Under such background, the scientificevaluation of China's agricultural competitiveness is particularly significant.

　　Agricultural competitiveness research is abused in national competitivenessresearch, and gradually extends from industry competitiveness. So, Its theoreticalparadigm continue to use industry competitiveness theory paradigm which from theindustrial sector perspective. Neglecting the significant differences between theagriculture and industrial premises in the market, the market demand, the allocation ofresources, production process, and product realization and so on.

　　We believe , the theory premise of Agricultural competitiveness evaluation shallbe the regional heterogeneity, industry heterogeneity and the incomplete marketsrestricted by national import and export policy ; Its definition should be one countryincluding planting industry, animal husbandry, forestry, fisheries, aquaculture,agriculture departments to protect national economic security, to possess and use more than other countries' agricultural production resources, and realize the product value inthe international market, and the ability to improve the level of the country's presentand future welfare .Its influence factors should include productive resources, demandfactors, related support industry, structure and competition, the government policy; Itsevaluation system should include national security, international marketcompetitiveness and sustainable development three aspects.

　　Based on the above theoretical paradigm, we analyze the progress of China'sagricultural development, the development situation of China's agricultural competitiveness and its influencing factors .On this basis, we analyze the nationalsecurity of China's agricultural competitiveness , international market competitiveness,sustainable development respectively Analysis results show that China has a stablenational security , large surplus in the domestic market, agricultural products whichhave international preference similarity ,have certain international competitiveness,and sustainable development ability are relatively weak. Although China's agriculturalcompetitiveness is low in general; But in long-term trend, China's agriculturalcompetitiveness is under a long-term development process, at present, it should be aperiod of rapid ascension.

　　Under this background, the China's agricultural competitiveness is relatively lownow, the reason of hinder the rapid promotion is that the domestic agriculturalproducts demand structure upgrades, lack of land, short of water resources, low qualityof labor force, agricultural science and technology is relatively backward, productstructure is still at the low end, the function of management factors is weak , theincome of farmers is low, the industrial support is insufficient, social services is weak,Social factors restrict seriously. Some policies are insufficient such as household landcontract, financial subsidies, trade policies, many factors interact with each other.

　　So the strategic goal of China's agricultural competitive power ascension is toensure national food security, to supply subsidiary agricultural products effectively, topromote the sustainable development of agriculture, to increase agriculturalcompetitiveness. First, promote land circulation and the scale of agriculturalproduction greatly. Second, adjust the agricultural product price policy, to ensure thatagricultural prices improve in order. Third, promote the standardization of agriculturalproduction, construct efficient, high-quality, green agriculture. Fourth, promote agricultural industrialization actively; construct new agricultural social service system.Fifth, strengthen the service function of the industrial sector to the agriculture, promotethe industry technology progress. Sixth, strengthen the function of agriculturalfinancial subsidies, to support agricultural competitiveness improved rapidly.

　　【关键词】 产业竞争力； 农业竞争力； 国家安全保障力； 国际市场竞争力； 可持续发展力；

　　【Key word]】industrial competitiveness, agricultural competitiveness, national security, theinternational market competitiveness, the sustainable development of power