摘 要

　　本论文是关于改革开放以来我国学术界在农民组织化问题和农民合作社组织发展的理论观点和学术思想的述评和分析，从理论流派的角度廓清了我国纷繁复杂的农民合作社实践的思想渊源，具有进一步研究这一问题方向性的启迪价值。

　　改革开放以后我国农村实行的家庭承包制成为推动农村生产力发展和生产关系变革的“第一次飞跃”。但是，在农村市场经济发展和农业现代化进程中如何进一步克服农户分散经营体制弊端，破解小农户与大市场矛盾，提高农民组织化程度，完善农村基本经营制度，一直是困扰我国理论界和实践部门的难题。面对乱象杂呈、难辨其性的农民合作社发展的实践，学者们也是众议纷纷，观点各异，甚至在某些问题上极具争议和分歧。本论文研究认为，我国学者在描述、解释、预测家庭承包制以后，如何化解小农户和大市场的矛盾，农民如何组织起来发展现代农业这一问题上，形成了思想迥异的理论流派或理论视角，它们具有不同的研究旨趣、研究方法和研究传统等。

　　本论文认为，符合“理论流派”之内涵界定和衡量标准的，包括以下三大理论流派：一是新乡村建设学派，二是农民专业合作社理论流派，三是综合性农业合作社理论流派。论文的主体部分着重系统梳理和阐述了这三大理论流派的兴起和主要代表人物的学术思想演变历程、思想渊源、理论观点、核心概念和命题、政策主张以及研究方法等，并对其特征、社会影响等加以适当的评论。本论文以“理论流派”为研究视角，对学术界在农民组织化和农民合作社组织发展这一问题上的学术观点和理论体系进行了归类，将其分为新乡村建设学派、农民专业合作社理论流派和综合性农业合作社理论流派。在研究内容上，梳理了三大理论流派代表人物的学术经历和思想历程，首次建立了解读我国农民组织化问题和农村合作经济组织思想的分析框架，应当视其为理论创新和学术贡献。

　　本论文认为，新乡村建设学派、农民专业合作社理论流派、综合性农业合作社理论流派的研究要点如下：

　　新乡村建设学派以温铁军、李昌平等为主要代表人物，他们发起、参与和推动了新时期乡村建设运动。早期乡建学派梁漱溟、晏阳初的乡村建设思想及其合作社实践是新乡村建设学派直接的思想历史渊源。新乡村建设学派的温铁军从农村改革试验和新乡村建设的实践出发，提出了研究中国农村问题基本假设、概念，研究对象，他提出“三农”“三治”、“小农村社经济”、“村社理性”等概念，修正了中国农村经济基础的主体概念，阐发了解读中国农村基本制度安排的一系列命题和观点。他倡导乡村建设，重视“村社理性”，主张以村社为基本单位构建多元合作框架，并将农村剩余人口的文化建设和农田水利等基础设施建设作为重构农村社会资本、规模交易主体以及获取合作收益(组织租)的领域，以此实现乡村良治与发展。与温铁军不同，“草根派”的乡建学者李昌平提出了农民村社共同体理论，其核心思想是以社区金融合作为核心组建“三位一体”和“四权统一”的村社一体化农民组织，从而增强村庄的自主性和农民的自主性。新乡村建设学派及其倡导的乡村建设试验对我国人文社会科学研究和国家宏观政策制定都产生了深远的影响。

　　农民专业合作社理论流派以张晓山、苑鹏等为主要代表人物。这一理论流派的主要内容和政策主张主要源于：国际合作社联盟确定的合作社发展原则，新制度经济学对组织和制度的研究以及马克思政治经济学。农民专业合作社理论流派在关于合作社原则和本质、西方合作社思想流派、合作社与国家关系、国家立法与合作社发展、以及我国《农民专业合作社法》、我国农村基本经营制度创新方向和我国合作社发展未来方向等方面形成了一系列理论观点和判断假说，其相关研究成果被国家立法机关在制定和出台我国第一部合作社立法——《中华人民共和国农民专业合作社法》时被采纳，具有重要意义。

　　综合性农业合作社理论流派以徐祥临、白志刚、陈林等为主要代表人物。他的思想渊源受到于日本农协建立思想和组织结构的影响和启发，同时也来自中国革命的基本理论和凯恩斯宏观经济理论。综合性农业合作社理论流派形成了包括传统部门一般论、宏观调控论、综合性农业合作社论、供销合作社系统改造论四位一体有机结合的农民组织化理论体系，提出了传统经济部门具有货币短缺的一般性特征；宏观调控的财政和金融政策是改造农业和农村经济的基本手段；以综合性农业合作社为载体来承载政府向传统部门的货币投放；把传统合作经济组织改造成为适合我国国情的综合性农业合作社等观点，在我国学术界产生了重要影响，引起了广泛的争议和讨论。

　　论文最后论述了三大理论流派在我国农民组织化问题研究上的学术意义，比较了三大理论流派学术观点的分歧和争论，并通过经济学有关理论对三大理论流派所倡导的组织农民的不同合作社模式作为一种制度安排和制度供给在学理上予以分析，得出三大理论流派在这一问题上具有普遍性和特殊性规律的认识结论，对我国农民合作社组织的理论研究和农民组织化发展方向和路径选择具有启发意义。

　　关键词：农民组织化；理论流派；农民合作社；新乡村建设学派；农民专业合作社理论流派；综合性农业合作社理论流派

　　Abstract

　　The dissertation is about the review and the analysis of the theoretical andacademic thoughts concerning how to organize Chinese peasants and peasants’cooperative development from the perspective of “school of theories” in order toclarify different origins of the thought on this problem,which provides adirectional and enlightening value for further research.

　　Household contract system has proved to be a historic leap in Chinese ruraldevelopment and reform.However,how to further overcome its disadvantage to solvethe contradiction between the small-scale peasant and big market in order to theimproving of organized level of the peasants and completion of the rural managementsystem is still a difficult problem confuesd both Chinese scholars and practicaldepartments,the relevant research results appears to be numerous , complicated andeven controversial.

　　The theory that Chinese scholars try to describe,to interpret and to predict how toorganize chinese peasants for modern agriculture ， when settling the tradecontradiction between the peasants and the market fter the implementation ofhousehold contract system,is presenting widely different schools of theories ortheoretical perspectives which have different research objective ,research method andresearch tradition etc.The dissertation finds out that the school of theories which isconsistent to its connotation demarcation and measurement criteria hascomposed of the following three schools of theories :the New RuralReconstruction Theoretical School , Specialized Peasants’ CooperativeTheoretical School and Comprehensive Agricultural Cooperative TheoreticalSchool .The main body in this dissertation itemizes and illustrates intensively andsystematically three schools of theories with regard to their emergance ,the academicthoughts evolution of the representative persons , the origin of thoughts ,theoreticalopinions ,core concepts and propositions ,policy views ,and research method etc ,andthen analyses their characteristics ,social influences etc .

　　Based on the researching perspective of “school of theories”,the dissertationclassifies the relevant academic opinions and theoretical systems on how toorganize Chinese peasants and cooperative development as three schools oftheories :the New Rural Reconstruction Theoretical School,the Specialized Peasants’ Cooperative Theoretical School and the Comprehensive AgriculturalCooperative Theoretical School.As far as the content of the dissertation isconcerned ,the author introduces the academic experiences and thoughtevolution of the representative persons of three schools of theories ,and thenconstructs a analytical framework of economic thought on how to organizeChinese peasants and peasants’cooperative ,which is deserved as the theoreticalinnovation and academic contribution.

　　The following is the main research results concerning the three schools oftheories :

　　Wen Tiejun and Li Changping are considered as the representative persons of theNew Rural Reconstruction Theoretical School ,they launch and propel the New RuralReconstruction Movement,whose thoughts are derived directly from the Early RuralReconstruction Theoretical School and Liang Shuming and Yan Yangchu’sthoughts.According to the rural reform experiments and new rural reconstructionpractices,Wen Tiejun puts forward the fundamental assumption ,concept andresearching object about Chinese rural problems,he not only comes up with theconcepts such as“the issues of agriculture ,farmer and rural ares ”,“the issues oflocal governance”,“small-scale peasant and rural economic institution ”,and “ruralreason”to revise the main concepts in Chinese rural economy ,but also expounds aseries of propositions and ideas to explain Chinese rural basic institutions.Headvocates rural reconstruction ,thinks highly of “rural reason”,and proposes toconstruct multivariate cooperation framework based on the village communityunit .He thinks that the cultural construction of rural surplus population andinfrastructure construction of irrigation and water conservancy should be taken as thefield to reconstruct rural social capital and to be a scale trading body as well as toobtain the cooperative profit(organization rents) in order to achieve rural bettergovernance and development.Dissimilar to Wen Tiejun ,“Gross Root” scholar LiChangping puts forward the theory of Peasants and Villages Community which isbuilt with trinity and unified four-right and taken financial cooperation community asthe core.The New Rural Reconstruction Theoretical School and its ruralreconstruction experiment have exerted great influence on humanistic and socialscience research and macropolicy-making in China.

　　Zhang Xiaoshan and YuanPeng are considered as the representative persons of the Specialized Peasants’ Cooperative Theoretical School.Whose thoughts andpolicies are derived mainly from the cooperative development principle ofInternational Cooperative Alliance ,the organizational and institutional research ofNew Institution Economics and Political Economics of Karl Marx.The SpecializedPeasants’ Cooperative Theoretical School has reached a series of theoretical opinionsand suppositions which demonstrated in the following fields such as cooperativeprinciple and essence ,western cooperative school of theories ,the relationshipbetween nation and cooperative ,national legislation and cooperative development ,Specialized Peasants’ Cooperative Law of the People’s Repubilcof China ,Chineserural management system innovation as well as the future development of Chinesepeasants cooperatives.The suggestions of it have been adopted by the first act ofCooperative when legistation,which has great importance.

　　Xu Xianglin，Bai Zhigang and Chenlin are considered as the representativepersons of the Comprehensive Agricultural Cooperative Theoretical School.Whosetheoretical opinions and policies are inspired by the Japanese AgriculturalCooperative Associations and the theory of Chinese revolution as well as themacroeconomic theory of Keynes.The Comprehensive Agricultural CooperativeTheoretical School has pointed out that the traditional economic sector has theshortage feature of currency supply,and that the financial policy of macroeconomicmanagement is the fundamental method in transforming traditional agriculture andrural area,and that the Comprehensive Agricultural Cooperative should be a carrieraccepting currency supply to traditional sector ,and that the traditional cooperativeeconomic organizations should be transformed as Comprehensive AgriculturalCooperative suitable for Chinese conditions,etc.These opinions have great effect on Chinese academic field and meanwhile have been discussed in the different ways .

　　The dissertation finally discusses the academic meanings of three schools oftheories and makes a comparison between their divergences and debates,and thenanalyses doctrinally the different cooperative models as an institutional arrangementand institutional supply suggested by three schools of theories ,and then reaches someconclusions ,which have enlightenment on the theoretical research of Chinesepeasants’cooperative and future direction of how to organize Chinese peasants.