【摘要】中国是一个农业大国，“三农”问题是开展各项工作的基础。“十二五”规划中提出要加快社会主义新农村建设，增加农民收入，提高农业现代化水平。目前中国农村正处于金融抑制的状态，广大农民获得信贷和金融服务的权利没有受到保护，农村经济发展在很大程度上受到农村金融供给不足的制约。国内外的研究表明，健全的金融体系对经济发展具有促进作用。农村金融体系由合作性金融、商业性金融和政策性金融这“三驾马车”共同组成，从发达国家的经验来看，农村金融市场的发展主要依赖于农村合作金融体系。基于中国农村经济金融发展极不均衡的现状和农村产业结构调整的契机，在农村金融体制改革中如何构建一个“多层次、广覆盖”的农村合作金融体系已成为建设社会主义新农村必须面对和解决的问题。

　　农村合作金融组织是以互助合作为原则、不以盈利为目的、农民自愿参加的合作组织。按照是否被纳入国家金融监管机构的监管范畴为划分标准，农村合作金融又可以分为正规农村合作金融和非正规农村合作金融。中国的正规农村合作金融机构主要是农村信用合作社，农村信用合作社的发展经过历次体制改革之后，形成了目前由一级法人体制农信社、县乡二级法人体制农信社(极少)、农村合作银行和农村商业银行共同构成的体系。改革后的农村信用合作社从表面上看大多扭亏为盈，但是仍然不能满足农村经济发展中日益增长的资金需求。所以，处于“地下金融”的非正规农村合作金融在农村金融市场中起到了非常重要的补充作用，而这种“地下金融”又蕴含着大量的金融风险，不利于农村金融市场的健康发展。所以本文通过对国内外关于农村合作金融理论与实践的研究，探索如何将正规农村合作金融和非正规农村合作金融作为一个整体来破解农村“贷款难”的问题，建议在接下来的农村金融体制改革中通过推进金融深化来消除农村地区的金融抑制。

　　本文综合运用了马克思主义哲学、金融学、政治经济学和西方经济学等学科中的理论观点，通过唯物辩证法、实证分析与规范分析相结合、动态分析与静态分析相结合和比较分析法等研究方法，以农村合作金融为研究对象，在研究和学习国内外学者研究成果的基础上，以马克思主义合作经济思想、西方学者的合作纲领和农村金融理论为理论基点，借鉴了发达国家农村合作金融体系的运行模式，着重从正规农村合作金融和非正规农村合作金融两个方面对中国农村合作金融的发展历程、现状和存在的问题进行了深刻分析，最后综合以上的研究对中国农村合作金融发展的路径选择提出几点建议，探索通过对正规农村合作金融的改革和非正规农村合作金融的正规化，建立一个合理高效的农村合作金融体系，为社会主义新农村的建设和农业现代化水平的提高提供优质的金融服务。

　　本文共分为七章。

　　第1章绪论部分主要阐述了论文的选题背景和选题意义，总结和分析国内外学者在农村合作金融方面的研究现状，并对本文采用的研究方法和研究基本思路进行阐述，最后说明了本论文的创新点和存在的不足之处，而且对文中研究范围界定做了特别说明。

　　第2章首先界定了合作经济、合作金融和农村合作金融的概念，然后从马克思主义合作经济思想、西方合作经济思想和农村金融相关理论的角度对农村合作金融的理论基础进行了阐述，为后续的研究奠定了理论基础。

　　第3章研究和借鉴了德国、美国、法国和日本等发达国家农村合作金融体系的运行实践，总结了各自的特点和成功经验，对于中国农村合作金融体系的建构具有一定的启示作用。我们应该：构建独立的农村合作金融体系；加大政府扶持力度；明晰金融机构产权职责；以“三农”为服务对象；建立健全监管机制和风险防范机制；完善相关法律体系。

　　第4章将农村信用合作社自新中国成立以来至今的发展历程划分为试办与推广阶段、曲折发展阶段、改革中调整阶段、独立发展阶段和深化改革阶段，分别对各个阶段的发展背景和改革效果进行评价，并且总结了农村信用社经过新一轮改革后在经营状况、资本来源和支农作用方面取得的成就。

　　第5章分别介绍了正规农村合作金融和非正规农村合作金融目前的存在形式及其特点，明确了农村信用社在农村金融市场的主力军地位，肯定了非正规农村合作金融在农村金融市场中不可或缺的补充作用。

　　第6章对农村合作金融发展中面临的困境进行了总结：正规农村合作金融在产权制度、经营管理、行业监管和发展环境四个方面存在的不足；非正规农村合作金融存在缺乏政策和法律的保护、经营组织管理不规范、风险控制能力差等问题。

　　第7章针对各自存在的问题提出了未来发展的路径选择。正规农村合作金融机构应该明确产权制度、改革经营管理机制、完善监管体系、改善发展环境；在支持非正规农村合作金融发展方面应该为其搭建依法活动的平台、引导非正规农村合作金融规范化发展、创新非正规农村合作金融正规化模式。

　　结论部分主要是对论文作简要总结，并对正规农村合作金融和非正规农村合作金融如何共同推动中国农村合作金融的发展给予政策建议。

 　　【关键词】 中国农村； 农村合作金融； 合作金融组织； 发展路径；

 　　【Abstract】China is an agricultural country, so to solve the problems of agriculture, ruralareas and farmers are the basis of developing various works. The "twelfth five-year"plan proposes to fasten the new countryside construction, increase rural incomes, andimprove agricultural modernization level. For now, rural China is in financialrepression, farmers’ rights of receiving credit and financial services are not protectedand rural economic development is restricted by the undersupply of rural finance to alarge degree. Based on the researches home and abroad, a sound financial systemcould prompt economic development. Rural financial system is constituted bycooperative finance, business finance, and polity finance; and judging from theexperience of developed countries, rural financial market development dependsmainly on rural cooperative financial system. In view of the extremely unevencondition of Chinese rural economic development and the opportunity of ruralindustrial structure adjustment, how to construct a rural cooperative financial system with high level and wide covering during the rural financial system reform hasbecome an issue must be faced with and dealt with in the construction of socialismnew countryside.

　　Rural cooperative financial organization follows the principle of mutualcooperation, nature of non-profit and voluntary join of farmers. According to thecriteria of whether an organization is within the regulation scale of national financeregulators, rural cooperative finance is divided into formal rural cooperative financeand informal rural cooperative finance. In China, the dominant formal ruralcooperative financial organization is rural credit cooperative (RCC), which hasexperienced times of system reform and finally establishes a system consisted offirst-level legal person RCC, second-level township legal person RCC, ruralcooperative bank, and rural commercial bank together. RCC after reforms has aprofit on the face of it, but it still can’t meet the increasingly capital needs of ruraleconomic development. Informal finance as an irregular rural cooperative financialorganization plays a significant complement role in rural financial market; however,informal finance implies high financial risks which are against the sounddevelopment of the market. Therefore, based on a theoretical and practical analysison rural cooperative finance home and abroad, this paper explores how to integrate the formal and informal rural cooperative finance into a whole to solve the loandifficulty issue in rural. Meanwhile, this paper proposes to prompt the financedeepening in rural financial system reform to eliminate rural financial repression.

　　In this paper, theoretical perspectives of many subjects such as Marxistphilosophy, finance, political economy, and western economics are quoted, researchmethods such as materialistic dialectics, combination of empirical analysis andnormative analysis, combination of dynamic analysis and vertical analysis, andcomparative analysis are applied, rural cooperative finance is the research object,relevant research results home and abroad are analyzed, Marxist cooperativeeconomy, westerners’ cooperative guideline, and rural financial theories are set totheoretical basis points, and the operational mode of rural cooperative financialsystem in developed countries are learnt. Based on these mentioned and from theperspective of formal and informal rural cooperative finance, this paper focuses onanalyzing deeply the development process, current situation, and problems ofChinese rural cooperative finance. After all these works, several suggestions aboutpath selection of Chinese rural cooperative financial development are finally raised.By reforming formal rural cooperative finance and normalizing informal finance, areasonable and efficient rural cooperative financial system can be established and sound financial services can be provided for both the construction of a new socialistcountryside and improvement of agricultural modernization level.

　　This paper is composed of seven chapters as follows:

　　Chapter 1 is the introduction part, which mainly states the background andsignificance of this paper, analyzes and summarizes the research status of ruralcooperative finance home and abroad, and illustrates the research methods and ideasapplied throughout the paper. At the end of this part, innovations and disadvantagescontained are listed and research scale is specified.

　　Chapter 2 first defines the concept of cooperative economy, cooperative financeand rural cooperative finance, then states the theoretical points from the perspectiveof Marxism cooperative economy, western cooperative economy, and relevant ruralfinance theories, which lays the groundwork for the research followed.

　　Chapter 3 analyzes and learns from the operational practices of ruralcooperative financial system in developed countries such as German, American,France and Japan, then, further summarizes the specialties and successful experienceof each, which enlightens the Chinese rural cooperative financial system. This partproposes to construct an independent cooperative financial system, strengthengovernment support, clarifies property duties of financial institution, objects to agriculture and farmers, establish and improve regulation and risk preventionmechanism, and perfect relevant legal system.

　　Chapter 4 divides the development of RCC from the founding of new China tillnow into the following stage: trial implementation and popularization, tortuousdevelopment, adjustment during reform, independent development, and deepen thereform; development background and reform effect of each stage is evaluated, andthe achievements in Business Condition, capital resources and agriculture supportafter the new round of reform are summarized.

　　Chapter 5 introduces the current forms and characteristics of formal andinformal rural cooperative finance, then, further clarifies the predominance of formalcooperative finance, and indispensable supplement role of informal cooperativefinance in rural financial market.

　　Chapter 6 summarizes the difficulties in rural cooperative financialdevelopment, which includes the disadvantages of formal rural cooperative financein property relations, operating management, industry supervision and developmentenvironment, as well as the problems of informal rural cooperative finance in policyand legal protection, operating management, and risk control.

　　Chapter 7 proposes the future path selection of formal and informal rural cooperative finance respectively. Formal rural cooperative financial institutionshould clarify property relations, reform operating management system, perfectsupervision, and improve development environment. Informal rural cooperativefinancial institution should build a legal platform, guide a regular development, andinnovate a normalized mode for informal rural cooperative finance.

　　The conclusion part is a brief summary of the whole paper, and it aims topropose policy suggestions for the development of Chinese rural cooperative financejointly pushed by formal and informal rural cooperative finance.

　　【Key words】Chinese rural area, rural cooperative finance, cooperative financial organizations,development path